sustainability · 2793 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/30756/twytefqytwfytsdraytd
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/19389/wrqytwerqytwerqyw
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/40139/qwrtefqtrwedtradestr
    https://freepaste.link/nmsvooovpp
    https://dotnetfiddle.net/SH2jiH
    https://pastecode.io/s/quqd7f45
    https://jsbin.com/wowasoyijo/edit?html,output
    https://jsfiddle.net/jikonacoki/mtv208gq/
    https://jsitor.com/3cXJGQ4U6a
    https://pastebin.com/xx7ymUwg

  • SADEFA

    https://github.com/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vegamobie-2024
    https://github.com/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-fullmobie-us-24
    https://github.com/Lucky-Baskhar-vegamobie-dowload
    https://github.com/Lucky-Baskhar-mobie-us
    https://github.com/the-sabarmati-report-vegamobie-dowload
    https://github.com/The-Sabarmati-Report-mobie-us
    https://github.com/Pushpa-The-Rule-Part-2-vegamobi-dowload
    https://github.com/Singham-Again-vegamobie-dowload
    https://github.com/Naam-fullmobie-dowload
    https://github.com/full-izle-gladyator-2-turkce-dublaj

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/s6YXlXUzPuw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jKtLgaVhXl8
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hc_eADy1sEI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/n4SSQvpkiXI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rrUDo7a6hyk
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/mXVLbH7ix7A
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/itwClmZ2FjM
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vpo-Itra3TE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iaq39cuoKgI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/t8brA3TdKo8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rBADf7Z-YG8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ld6D2ELpfoU
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pzChMu180do
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vqstC-pkL5g
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kNF1Ck1kstU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/us8KZdZKTS8
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    https://tinhte.vn/profile/gladiator-2-celijat-film-onlajn-bg-audio.3146808/

    https://the-corporate.com/classified-detail/qwrtqwtqwrtqwrqtwr
    https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=23443308
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    https://graph.org/nvxbwerqweqwtret-11-19
    https://www.taptap.io/post/8548025
    https://mymediads.com/cnzxbvcreqwrtetqew/
    https://wlresources.dpi.wi.gov/groups/aewrtrwtrwt/530/
    https://paste.centos.org/view/dfb6bd9e
    https://bunganirmala085.medium.com/bvcbxzczertwe-81c9275bf63e
    https://hackmd.io/@megacinemaxhd/HyD180qGJl
    https://forum.instube.com/d/177679-bgertyertyerty
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/283570-nabsdtytasrdy
    https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/6028/bsdfyterywrywqewveqyt
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/30734/nbcvnetqewtyqewt
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/19376/etqewtwetquastdu
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/40122/nbmvcxetrwetqret
    https://freepaste.link/kni2iwkfib
    https://dotnetfiddle.net/6k8XdX
    https://pastecode.io/s/pmyb78uq
    https://jsbin.com/befanunoyu/edit?html,output
    https://jsfiddle.net/jikonacoki/7y6f3cgm/
    https://jsitor.com/myNgTXGSb7
    https://pastebin.com/ak0uSCRQ
    https://wokwi.com/projects/415045733085615105
    https://paste.ee/p/vnB5T
    https://glot.io/snippets/h1yxvx59uw
    https://paste.enginehub.org/Fgqm-Te00
    https://snippet.host/vkxpui
    https://rextester.com/ABFH56374
    https://pastelink.net/w0t04j7d
    https://paiza.io/projects/OvtJab5d5MPecU86zlrGKw
    https://justpaste.it/eqv90
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    https://paste.intergen.online/view/c9e30eed
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/e9a95857
    https://dictanote.co/n/1110840/
    https://notes.io/w7gi1
    https://paste.centos.org/view/c0268e7e
    https://paste4btc.com/asCN3kOY
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/59e20d39
    https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/c47c9521
    https://justpaste.me/DcuX1
    https://muckrack.com/jakola-sasa/bio
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/Gq6NNC
    https://lessons.drawspace.com/post/815247/sjhdjhsvdjh
    https://rentry.co/nxqeovid

  • SADEFA

    https://github.com/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vegamobie-2024
    https://github.com/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-fullmobie-us-24
    https://github.com/Lucky-Baskhar-vegamobie-dowload
    https://github.com/Lucky-Baskhar-mobie-us
    https://github.com/the-sabarmati-report-vegamobie-dowload
    https://github.com/The-Sabarmati-Report-mobie-us
    https://github.com/Pushpa-The-Rule-Part-2-vegamobi-dowload
    https://github.com/Singham-Again-vegamobie-dowload
    https://github.com/Naam-fullmobie-dowload
    https://github.com/full-izle-gladyator-2-turkce-dublaj

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/s6YXlXUzPuw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jKtLgaVhXl8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/tRqh1bhC3b0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hc_eADy1sEI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/n4SSQvpkiXI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rrUDo7a6hyk
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/o9gQn22KDl8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/mXVLbH7ix7A
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/itwClmZ2FjM
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ihHYKIIi3WA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/upkUfStUn0o
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rO_PqOAU3jw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/mjWYw3zt3j0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pue_LpS8zp0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ihrNf14-V0s
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kc1GTnC5x1s
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rDouvL2Xkl8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vpo-Itra3TE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/iaq39cuoKgI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/t8brA3TdKo8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rBADf7Z-YG8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ld6D2ELpfoU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hzyd7jpPVjw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/p5pjMjU5hr0
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/viMo-jDehGI
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vqstC-pkL5g
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oT0jAwhIJXs
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kNF1Ck1kstU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/us8KZdZKTS8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lNOc7I-FGPs
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lMyy_ZX0f1E
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/txARtLZqKJ4
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ut7PtQYaSaw
    https://tinhte.vn/profile/gladiator-2-celijat-film-onlajn-bg-audio.3146808/

    https://the-corporate.com/classified-detail/qwrtqwtqwrtqwrqtwr
    https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=23443308
    https://lebanonhub.app/posts/47446
    https://graph.org/nvxbwerqweqwtret-11-19
    https://www.taptap.io/post/8548025
    https://mymediads.com/cnzxbvcreqwrtetqew/
    https://wlresources.dpi.wi.gov/groups/aewrtrwtrwt/530/
    https://paste.centos.org/view/dfb6bd9e
    https://bunganirmala085.medium.com/bvcbxzczertwe-81c9275bf63e
    https://hackmd.io/@megacinemaxhd/HyD180qGJl
    https://forum.instube.com/d/177679-bgertyertyerty
    https://forum.realdigital.org/d/283570-nabsdtytasrdy
    https://forum.daoyidh.com/topic/6028/bsdfyterywrywqewveqyt
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/30734/nbcvnetqewtyqewt
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/19376/etqewtwetquastdu
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/40122/nbmvcxetrwetqret
    https://freepaste.link/kni2iwkfib
    https://dotnetfiddle.net/6k8XdX
    https://pastecode.io/s/pmyb78uq
    https://jsbin.com/befanunoyu/edit?html,output
    https://jsfiddle.net/jikonacoki/7y6f3cgm/
    https://jsitor.com/myNgTXGSb7
    https://pastebin.com/ak0uSCRQ
    https://wokwi.com/projects/415045733085615105
    https://paste.ee/p/vnB5T
    https://glot.io/snippets/h1yxvx59uw
    https://paste.enginehub.org/Fgqm-Te00
    https://snippet.host/vkxpui
    https://rextester.com/ABFH56374
    https://pastelink.net/w0t04j7d
    https://paiza.io/projects/OvtJab5d5MPecU86zlrGKw
    https://justpaste.it/eqv90
    https://yamcode.com/tyeqytwfeyqwte
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/c9e30eed
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/e9a95857
    https://dictanote.co/n/1110840/
    https://notes.io/w7gi1
    https://paste.centos.org/view/c0268e7e
    https://paste4btc.com/asCN3kOY
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/59e20d39
    https://wow.curseforge.com/paste/c47c9521
    https://justpaste.me/DcuX1
    https://muckrack.com/jakola-sasa/bio
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/Gq6NNC
    https://lessons.drawspace.com/post/815247/sjhdjhsvdjh
    https://rentry.co/nxqeovid

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