sustainability · 2735 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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  • Sae itoshi

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  • vivek rajput

    The Phoenix Device is a non-invasive, FDA-registered medical device that uses low-intensity shockwave therapy (LI-ESWT) to treat Peyronie’s Disease. It is designed to improve blood circulation, break down scar tissue, and stimulate tissue repair in the penis. Shockwave therapy has long been used in various medical fields, such as orthopedics, for its ability to promote healing and reduce pain by stimulating the body’s natural regenerative processes. For Peyronie’s Disease, The Phoenix Device delivers targeted acoustic waves to the affected areas of the penis, helping to reduce curvature and improve erectile function.
    How Does The Phoenix Device Work?
    The Phoenix Device works by delivering acoustic waves, also known as shockwaves, to the area of the penis affected by scar tissue. These waves penetrate deep into the tissue and trigger a process called neovascularization—the creation of new blood vessels—which helps improve blood flow to the area. Additionally, shockwave therapy helps to break down the fibrous scar tissue that causes the bending or curvature of the penis. Over time, the device encourages the body to replace the damaged tissue with healthier, more elastic tissue, reducing the physical effects of Peyronie’s Disease.
    https://www.facebook.com/The.Phoenix.Device.For.Peyronies.Disease/
    https://sites.google.com/view/the-phoenix-device-for-peyroni/home
    https://sites.google.com/view/thephoenixdeviceforpeyroniesdi/home
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-phoenix-device-for-peyronies-disease/c/hv2JPgqR0LM
    https://groups.google.com/g/the-phoenix-device-for-peyronies-disease/c/gUdoY063tNw
    https://medium.com/ajaysinghfarmer67/the-phoenix-device-for-peyronies-disease-is-real-or-not-read-real-report-2d20c3cffc07 https://medium.com/ajaysinghfarmer67/the-phoenix-device-for-peyronies-disease-does-it-improve-sexual-performance-9c91c11eeb33
    https://www.ictdemy.com/csharp/csharp-forum/the-phoenix-device-for-peyronie-s-disease-approved-by-nimh-for-penis-health-6766bc97aab78
    https://www.ictdemy.com/csharp/csharp-forum/the-phoenix-device-for-peyronie-s-disease-does-it-really-works-or-not—6766c1615bf5d#goto40411
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/10pZOOTt72G72U4BAm7UbfXyE_MCrmD1z?usp=sharing
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1X-wp3NylEgm7ut9BOo4FDf7Txijhrq3y?usp=sharing

  • roniasa qwed

    Proman XL Male Enhancement is a supplement that has caught the attention of many seeking to improve their sexual health and performance. This article compiles insights and reviews from various users to provide a clearer picture of the product’s effectiveness.
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    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/15THMmQTYkHXZxf-dp6qEto_PGoSCg_Ee
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    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/7b51188e-98c5-4438-bce7-0c9999f13a96
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    https://proman-xl-male-enhancement-usa.sites.kaltura.com/
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    https://sites.google.com/view/vitalgrowxlreviewssuperusa/
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1kRdCi4gFLy1Ggbrbe1gNyl-KNSiCZ2ls
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1Qy10uH-XdCmVxqnqj4Dg9eNtbQzTv3Oi
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/025e1661-5495-4afa-a43c-1b8525566514/page/CVGaE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/f4f6c4d6-8a23-4e3e-a064-4ff6e3d72ae6
    https://vital-grow-xl-reviews-consumer-reports.sites.kaltura.com/
    https://groups.google.com/g/vigor-male-enhancement-canada-review/c/uTj9JNshttE
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    https://sites.google.com/view/vigor-male-enhancement-canada/
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1sPetimdM35ZHUXKrBMn1WwgVlQnJqs6N
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1M66vjK_05wJ8UqAFT6SQt0S6tZz0bxWO
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/62e7ac3f-af10-4660-b559-b71334be5f0d/page/NQGaE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/1a974d9d-a7e8-4189-b74a-c3eb45e45485
    https://vigor-male-enhancement-canada-reviews.sites.kaltura.com/

  • xvxvsdgdszxca

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    https://github.com/Sonic-3-the-Hedgehog-now-playing

    https://github.com/Sonic-3-Le-film-omplet-Francais

    https://github.com/Kraven-the-Hunter-2024-sub-english

    https://github.com/Sonic-3-Il-film-streming-ita-hd

    https://soundcloud.com/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-2024-355020282/cb01-sonic-3-il-film-streaming-ita-2024-in-alta-definizione

    https://soundcloud.com/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-2024-355020282/cb01-sonic-3-il-film-2024-film-streaming-ita-in-alta-definizione

    https://soundcloud.com/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-2024-355020282/cb01-sonic-3-il-film-2024-streaming-ita-in-alta-definizione

    https://ideone.com/embed/Z9ZdAH

    https://www.deviantart.com/julianwishnu/journal/cxdfvsdfgsg-1137141881

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