Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
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https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/f58c2cc0-41fe-42d7-9135-959fc3f59ec1 ;
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/514fa79a-6f27-42b8-8ce0-a0f6fe90afd5
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/0717b367-9769-429d-8f5d-6c91a97f228c
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/4e9a7826-bb92-4627-a495-430dbf738a9d
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/38a7fe0c-a275-492e-8a7f-2f64a253cc22
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/df7fc90e-5950-4e9b-b20d-13d27566a50a
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/eabc52fd-c4e9-42bc-9454-608b7965a031
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/d387528e-7381-436d-9966-566ad7d1d6a0
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/86e5ecd7-4369-49de-a9c2-f5cf96f3e8a1
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/96bb2b13-4a52-4079-9729-b0988214dcd0 ;
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/2c277277-407c-41ce-a6c8-fbdf219ce41f
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/44b6d3a3-dcde-495a-bec1-b9f20a56f8b9
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/14018545-745f-4235-a995-a02bb1bbea27
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/c160ec87-a1a9-441b-8eac-12e37a6ff467
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/9f15a8c4-cb24-4433-8cd2-4d532d501b1d
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/9ac75612-f9db-4793-a346-ffda9a3dcc97
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/3b991faa-adf0-4e22-bfe8-aca1bf0cd0eb
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/c59012ce-5e5c-4bb6-b138-39f6b08b05bd
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/adee6b43-fb02-40fb-be4f-95bce6bf7581
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/b0c4359a-62e9-4c59-ac20-3c2f29a42a6a
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/2ff7ecf2-9944-4360-9a0c-
https://technotodays.org
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3310
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/538
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/539
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3316
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/540
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3330
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3332
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/541
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/542
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3338
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/543
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3353
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/544
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3354
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/545
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3361
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/547
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3365
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/553
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3369
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/555
https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/mbd/psimpy/-/issues/3370
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/566
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/567
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/588
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/599
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/600
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/615
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/627
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/642
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/660
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/662
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/665
https://git.rwth-aachen.de/acs/public/automation/smu/docs/-/issues/669
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/64f4ef1d-669f-498b-ae6e-0bcb775b3c66
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/1709be9e-d240-4de5-9291-9e46ef7bd946
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/53f3e60d-21f6-4831-ac5c-e017f200f672
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/14a2ec19-4602-4701-ac45-9f5457f4016b
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/a74f51b9-3cd6-4d14-b79d-0cda90c98c36
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/e1f9f1ca-403a-45fc-a3a7-1a95e61490f2
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/940774fb-a55b-4a9a-9f28-682679b0f6c8
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/3051720f-4744-4285-ae19-edbd2a4c81ba
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/e39344d8-1d91-4da8-97ce-a7dcde00f781
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/fd2851b1-60b0-42d4-b56d-bf610bf939a7
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/97cd0974-58ce-442a-b8d2-5694fde9e768
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/fa34ec17-fc59-4ec5-9c72-0188be3bf21a
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/b9c3e288-1a8e-434c-8bfa-c0b1330d663f
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/43831775-3741-49d7-ae8f-7864dfe81820
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/d0af3fcb-1649-4ef5-8878-cdb7f178b6e1
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/6c291544-b644-4b94-841b-3b0f5ddff782
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/c787db60-6f0a-4d92-b7a8-d5ec85d62033
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/f58c2cc0-41fe-42d7-9135-959fc3f59ec1
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/514fa79a-6f27-42b8-8ce0-a0f6fe90afd5
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/0717b367-9769-429d-8f5d-6c91a97f228c
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/4e9a7826-bb92-4627-a495-430dbf738a9d
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/38a7fe0c-a275-492e-8a7f-2f64a253cc22
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/df7fc90e-5950-4e9b-b20d-13d27566a50a
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/eabc52fd-c4e9-42bc-9454-608b7965a031
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/d387528e-7381-436d-9966-566ad7d1d6a0
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/86e5ecd7-4369-49de-a9c2-f5cf96f3e8a1
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/96bb2b13-4a52-4079-9729-b0988214dcd0
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/2c277277-407c-41ce-a6c8-fbdf219ce41f
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/44b6d3a3-dcde-495a-bec1-b9f20a56f8b9
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/14018545-745f-4235-a995-a02bb1bbea27
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/c160ec87-a1a9-441b-8eac-12e37a6ff467
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/9f15a8c4-cb24-4433-8cd2-4d532d501b1d
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/9ac75612-f9db-4793-a346-ffda9a3dcc97
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/3b991faa-adf0-4e22-bfe8-aca1bf0cd0eb
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/c59012ce-5e5c-4bb6-b138-39f6b08b05bd
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/adee6b43-fb02-40fb-be4f-95bce6bf7581
https://www.artcentretheatre.com/group/artcentretheatre-group/discussion/b0c4359a-62e9-4c59-ac20-3c2f29a42a6a
https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/2ff7ecf2-9944-4360-9a0c-fe39d88e0a69
https://sites.google.com/bostoni57.agency/ver-megatransformerseldesperta/home
https://sites.google.com/bostoni57.agency/pelisliveernlinetransformersel/home
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https://sites.google.com/flik.jisswatch.com/verspider-mancruzandoelmultive/home
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https://sites.google.com/flik.jisswatch.com/miratheflashpelculacompletaenl/home
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https://www.eagleportland.com/group/mysite-231-group/discussion/ab037eae-1ca8-4292-923d-acba8242341e
https://www.healthavenuecupping.com/group/health-avenue-group/discussion/67d470cd-e7ee-44e5-bb15-879c24fceb79
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