Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://pelisplus.outgrow.us/pelisplus-5
https://pelisplus.outgrow.us/pelisplus-7
https://pelisplus.outgrow.us/pelisplus-9
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-2
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-4
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-6
https://repellis24.outgrow.us/repellis24-8
https://123movies.outgrow.us/123movies-2
https://123movies.outgrow.us/123movies-4
https://123movies.outgrow.us/123movies-6
https://netflix366.outgrow.us/netflix366-2
https://netflix366.outgrow.us/netflix366-4
https://netflix366.outgrow.us/netflix366-6
https://deadpoolwolverin.outgrow.us/deadpoolwolverin-2
https://transformersone.outgrow.us/transformersone-2
https://beetlejuice2.outgrow.us/beetlejuice2-2
https://amiracist.outgrow.us/amiracist-2
https://thesubstance.outgrow.us/thesubstance-2
https://speaknoevil.outgrow.us/speaknoevil-2
https://subservience.outgrow.us/subservience-2
https://www.akcie.cz/nazor?ID_TEMA=336&ID_NAZOR=394451#sel
https://pastelink.net/v0eerpdz
https://www.pastery.net/ynefja/
https://web.stanford.edu/group/spanlab/cgi-bin/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:Twetwertw45#efefe
http://clan-banderos.de/web/index.php?site=profile&id=1&action=guestbook
https://www.guestbook-free.com/books2/dieterbohlen/
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/vrttrtrgtrg
https://www.wilkinswalk.com/blogs/blogger/nike-air-vapormax?comment=133426053284#comments
http://www.limesucks.com/thread_category/general/
https://postheaven.net/4sv8y8sux5
http://myhappiness.dinstudio.se/guest_11.html
http://paste.jp/8c7ca4ec/
https://yamcode.com/untitled-103243
https://paiza.io/projects/MWo3x1r93F1yiJgeKBA6Qg
https://pastebin.com/N9zKiTAz
https://snippet.host/tvjpzm
https://rentry.co/cgouonse
http://paste.jp/8c7ca4ec/
https://sebsauvage.net/paste/
https://ctxt.io/2/AAC4WBVUEQ
https://pastecode.io/s/qgaboyxo
https://homment.com/fYWZlEOVYw45PXLC7tAv
https://bitbin.it/R4si2InW/
https://bitbin.it/R4si2InW/raw/
https://www.taptap.io/post/8194615
https://jsfiddle.net/z9tgpa26/
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
https://etextpad.com/mwtyabxfbo
https://rextester.com/XHYA57377
https://justpaste.it/9f97l
https://glot.io/snippets/h034mk7cq9
https://tech.io/snippet/Abb3dRv
https://jsitor.com/aNZJhKtQaj
https://www.wowace.com/paste/6c796380
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/ccf01f96
https://paste.myst.rs/ko97maon
https://matters.town/a/jq06c19r1cu3
https://www.bihann.com/cast/443.html
https://communicators.ncsu.edu/
https://community.goldencorral.com/
https://community.thoracic.org/
https://network.propertyweek.com/
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/6878/rgbgrrrg
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/9524/dveegee
https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/topic/3111/rerbb
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/10154/rgeerher
https://forum.instube.com/d/140901-fbrbrbr
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/143265-bfbfb
https://www.homerev.com/blogs/home-revolution/how-often-should-i-wash-my-reusable-coffee-mug?comment=135440597245#comments
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/uyjjuyjuyj.18445/
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/thtrht.20649/
http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/249866-hhtjhtj/
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/ggththth.552997/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/ergrtgtrg.6742/
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/off-topic/rf4454/
https://www.dotandlil.com/blogs/blog/77012548-now-in-stock-vintage-honey-tins-maintenant-disponibles-pots-de-miel-vintage?comment=134329860375#comments
https://socialmphl.com/story19696709/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://prbookmarkingwebsites.com/story20192489/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://https://www.selbstbesaiter.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/eq8KAr
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/51873-ddsvdsdvd
https://haftahavit.com/blogs/news/so-simple-gifts-for-everyone?comment=134927319338#comments
https://www.baristaswag.com/blogs/news/free-pour-latte-art-coffee-art?comment=138071736422#comments
https://tagzfoods.com/blogs/news/tagz-why?comment=134124241136#comments
http://www.ks-welldental.com/well/bbs/board.php?bo_table=daily&wr_id=5&&page=1&#c_132
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?
https://ca.gleener.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-workspace-working-for-you?comment=132506812474#comments
http://www.hartmanice.cz/en/vlozit-komentar/
https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=127816302777#comments
https://www.cantiqla.com/blogs/news/cantiq-anniversary-party?comment=132930044013#comments
https://smartsnack.cl/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137125789874#comments
https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/hynhnjthht.49263/
https://www.allthebabies.co/blogs/news/mom-to-mom-with-valerie?comment=134124306672#comments
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/trgr.20655/
http://www.convio.com/
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/lists/confreg/allitems.aspx?paged=true&pagedprev=true&p_id=79748&pagefirstrow=3740&&view=%7B02ed05f7-bda9-44ef-bf5f-c25827d57ed8%7D
post_id=68242307&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/am-i-racist-2024-full-movi𝚎-online-free-on-english/topicid-3620126062575616/
https://www.honor.com/uk/club/topicdetail/watch-beetlejuice-2-full-on-123movies/topicId-3620315588493313/
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kx3jchRDYsk
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pwwE-BR5eAY
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/uW7JsEIPC_0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/q7g4AJc8U0k
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/q9HfNbJJ2yc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lMHj70LjlVE
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oJBhyNcLMBQ
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/veCZv4trt-A
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oQQG5KjwNhY
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lSVTv-whmNo
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/7/films-voirtransformers-le-commencement-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/8/films-voirone-piece-fan-letter-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/9/films-voir-one-piece-fan-letter-streaming-vf-fr-complet-en-francais/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/10/films-voir-terrifier-3-streaming-vf-fr-complet-en-francais/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/11/films-voirterrifier-3-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/12/films-voirthe-substance-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/13/films-voiralien-romulus-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/14/films-voir-beetlejuice-beetlejuice-streaming-vf-fr-complet-en-francais/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/15/films-voirsmile-2-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/16/films-voirsalem-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/17/films-voircaddo-lake-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/18/films-voirdeadpool-su-wolverine-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/19/films-voirdgladiator-ii-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/20/films-voirjigra-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/21/films-voiranora-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/22/films-voirconclave-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/23/films-voirle-pire-voisin-au-monde-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/24/films-voirlate-night-with-the-devil-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/25/films-voirpiece-by-piece-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://plotly.com/~aripardianputra/26/films-voirle-robot-sauvage-2024-streaming-vf-fr-complet-et-vostfr/
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/n7-glyfYT1U
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jDcAKtyimtA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/udup6l-FpCQ
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/hE6z1a5wCFc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lDBnqzyx1oU
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ivWfQ22a460
https://lookerstudio.google.com/EMBED/s/qOXiEi9qffU
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lETgDxnfaq0
https://bento.me/my-hero-academia-youre-next-fullmvie-dwnload-free-720p1080p-hd
https://bento.me/watch-smile-2-fullmovie-for-on-october
https://bento.me/terrifier-3—-movi-horor-streaing-at-home
https://bento.me/123s-venom-3-the-last-dance-at-english
https://bento.me/pelisplusver-my-hero-academia-youre-next-pelicula-en-espanol-latino
https://bento.me/my-hero-academia-youre-next-gratis
https://bento.me/shutinipelisplus-ver-terrifier-3-en-espa-ol-y-latino-gratis
https://bento.me/ver-smile-2-pel-cula-online-en-espa-ol-y-latino
https://bento.me/-repelis-ver-venom-3-the-last-dance-pel-cula-online-en-espa-ol-y-latino
https://bento.me/subservience-2024-fullmovie-freeonline-on-engsub
https://bento.me/subservience-online2024-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
https://www.akcie.cz/nazor?ID_TEMA=336&ID_NAZOR=397538#sel
https://pastelink.net/ogts2r4c
https://www.bihann.com/cast/443.html
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/gregregerh
https://ourclass.mn.co/posts/bnnnnh
https://etextpad.com/qtillvfcd3
http://www.hartmanice.cz/en/vlozit-komentar/
https://www.adrianhemley.com/guestbook/
https://weimaraner-aus-der-silbermeute.jimdofree.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://fernandosaavedra.jimdofree.com/libro-de-visitas/
http://gusti.is/silakot/gestabok/
https://www.onlinegdb.com/
https://network.propertyweek.com/
https://community.thoracic.org/
https://communicators.ncsu.edu/
https://sloan.ucr.edu/
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/jq9rnR
https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/715.html?sasla
https://glot.io/snippets/h138y04jdb
https://telegra.ph/fefgergregerg-10-22
https://www.taptap.io/post/8381832
https://rextester.com/YWO34697
http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/288181-nvnnnnnnnnnmn/
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/nhmnhmhm.30997/
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/nfgnfgnfgn.556476/
https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/nfgngfnfgnfgn.52451/
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/egherherherhe.30789/
https://forum.instube.com/d/160914-cdvrfgtgh
https://rentry.co/9i93z3px
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://jsfiddle.net/b8jts4n5/
https://tech.io/snippet/LpLXZaC
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=68681227&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/15320/csvsv
https://paste.thezomg.com/234047/72959550/
https://paiza.io/projects/RVVGwZuDZ_aMqHO1AilVJw
https://yamcode.com/untitled-107809
http://myhappiness.dinstudio.se/guest_11.html
https://www.lacartuccia.ch/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://matters.town/a/f5lvhij9l4yk
http://paste.jp/9cc86db1/
http://www.shadowville.com/board/general-discussions
https://postheaven.net/kqqy74y8rs
https://www.yeuthucung.com/whats-new/posts/4024135/
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/86531-bbggfngnfn
https://paste.ee/p/M18Tv
https://penzu.com/journals/31329148/102391853
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Lists/ConfReg/AllItems.aspx?
https://justpaste.it/dg7g6
http://www.spoonrideskennel.com/guest_15.html
https://ctxt.io/2/AAB4ZmfAFw
https://pastecode.io/s/nsqa63y6
https://hackmd.io/PBrdc7FZTe64PNTU_PPiiw
https://wokwi.com/projects/412442323911936001
https://www.pastery.net/xypswj/
https://jsitor.com/i4_TjduUzz
https://www.wowace.com/paste/24d29771
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136734441777#comments
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/fe388fb0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/oAvnpsXN_lc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kCx-5PHjB44
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/i0CpeIIw0kA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/pnFXwaRqXng
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/r1de6wzWz-Q
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ge52nkHKTc4
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/n3Xt4yYCzdA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/pKugh_4qmys
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/qZCUqj3Swuc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/nanHMOas_QA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/j5E3uzRAhbY
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vmqy98gzk94
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/tnOmCHcLgBI
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vaxEQm5ZXHo
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/h_wL33ipyjo
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/jmrO5CkDcKA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ht48Q0Rndds
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/npcGm_UrHH0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/roXhTP7b3cE
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/uI78VFnq82A
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lbn5qHRDB1I
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kmC0NBPBgiA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mTTPDjGbtf4
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/rQ8atTJAW4s
https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/pvxIfcK8e9g
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/oAvnpsXN_lc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kCx-5PHjB44
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/i0CpeIIw0kA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pnFXwaRqXng
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/r1de6wzWz-Q
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ge52nkHKTc4
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/n3Xt4yYCzdA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pKugh_4qmys
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/qZCUqj3Swuc
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/nanHMOas_QA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/j5E3uzRAhbY
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vmqy98gzk94
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/tnOmCHcLgBI
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/vaxEQm5ZXHo
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/h_wL33ipyjo
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/jmrO5CkDcKA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/ht48Q0Rndds
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/npcGm_UrHH0
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/roXhTP7b3cE
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/uI78VFnq82A
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/lbn5qHRDB1I
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/kmC0NBPBgiA
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/mTTPDjGbtf4
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/rQ8atTJAW4s
https://lookerstudio.google.com/embed/s/pvxIfcK8e9g
https://www.facebook.com/SledujteLove2CelyFilmCzSk/
https://www.facebook.com/Venom3.PoslednitanecCelyFilmCzSk/
https://www.facebook.com/SledujteValecnyZpravodajCelyFilmCzSk/
https://www.facebook.com/SledujteTheApprenticeCelyFilmCzSk/
Leave a comment