Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://sites.google.com/view/watch-joker-folie-deux-2024-fu
https://sites.google.com/view/watch-transformers-one-on-eng
https://sites.google.com/view/watch-megalopolis-2024-online
https://sites.google.com/view/watch-devara-part-1-2024-full
https://sites.google.com/view/123movies-watch-bagman-2024-hd
https://sites.google.com/view/123movies-watch-monster-summer
https://sites.google.com/view/123movieswatchbeetlejuice22024
https://sites.google.com/view/123movies-watch-deadpool-3-wol
https://sites.google.com/view/123movieswatchspeaknoevil2024f
https://sites.google.com/view/123movies-watch-never-let-go-2
https://sites.google.com/view/123movies-watch-am-i-racist-20
https://sites.google.com/view/123movieswatchsubservience2024
https://www.akcie.cz/nazor?ID_TEMA=8&ID_NAZOR=396162#sel
https://www.bihann.com/cast/443.html
https://pastelink.net/7sy86063
https://rentry.co/
http://clan-banderos.de/web/index.php?site=profile&id=1&action=guestbook
https://tech.io/snippet/z3RVigE
https://glot.io/snippets/h0a9skywzh
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/eac6c869
https://telegra.ph/gregerg-09-26
https://paiza.io/projects/gpdcifTE8cR-JF_R-mz4cA
https://yamcode.com/untitled-104057
https://matters.town/a/llb7l0cglqw2
https://hackmd.io/e__XS5ZzRn2u9uf1gnHOxg
https://wokwi.com/projects/410061325752680449
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/051f3fc4
https://www.pastery.net/vqdxmg/
https://etextpad.com/wfvwbolltm
https://www.taptap.io/post/8228020
https://paste.thezomg.com/
https://socialmphl.com/story19696709/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://prbookmarkingwebsites.com/story20192489/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/off-topic/hththt/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/ggreger.6972/
https://www.onlinegdb.com/
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=68331929&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
https://www.radiowarta.pl/artykul/16054,grzybobranie-2024-na-co-zwrocic-uwage
https://www.nehannn.com/artist-detail/715.html?sasla
https://jsfiddle.net/3yt7kL02/1/
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://web3devcommunity.com/category/2/general-discussion
https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/topic/4033/hth
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/10996/hhyth
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/8214/nhyhyh
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/152493-rrg
https://forum.instube.com/d/144830-htht
https://paste.myst.rs/on5hjh0h
https://snippet.host/ahjjwg
https://paste.ee/p/LB4c5
https://www.forexagone.com/forum/create
https://pastecode.io/s/27uowb86
https://freepaste.link/public/z5s3mgsdrt
https://penzu.com/journals/31329148/101848834
https://homment.com/oBmfHGHHr1uvEfZdADqN
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Lists/ConfReg/AllItems.aspx?
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/new
https://justpaste.it/2temf
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/hyh/
https://postheaven.net/04h74v3uv5
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/rggr.18941/
http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/262690-grghrh/
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/nnyn.553631/
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/hnrhn.21462/
https://haftahavit.com/blogs/news/so-simple-gifts-for-everyone?comment=134956286250#comments
https://www.baristaswag.com/blogs/news/free-pour-latte-art-coffee-art?comment=138137043046#comments
https://tagzfoods.com/blogs/news/tagz-why?comment=134152225008#comments
http://www.ks-welldental.com/well/bbs/board.php?bo_table=daily&wr_id=5&&page=1&#c_147
https://www.homerev.com/blogs/home-revolution/how-often-should-i-wash-my-reusable-coffee-mug?comment=135479361789#comments
https://www.wilkinswalk.com/blogs/blogger/nike-air-vapormax?comment=133482938532#comments
https://forum.woimortal.com/forum/community/discussions/71051-yjyjytju
https://ctxt.io/2/AAC4IfdMFg
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/llkjnhb
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
https://rextester.com/OSVOTQ80340
https://pastebin.com/DUXQbxMT
https://bitbin.it/3vXtTv2X/
https://ourclass.mn.co/posts/dcvv
https://www.wowace.com/paste/8af2a2aa
https://jsitor.com/J-r7L3OH57
https://smartsnack.cl/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137147416754#comments
https://www.cantiqla.com/blogs/news/cantiq-anniversary-party?comment=132948754541#comments
https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=127840813241#comments
https://ca.gleener.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-workspace-working-for-you?comment=132604133434#comments
https://www.dotandlil.com/blogs/blog/77012548-now-in-stock-vintage-honey-tins-maintenant-disponibles-pots-de-miel-vintage?comment=134331957527#comments
https://bitbin.it/3vXtTv2X/raw/
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035337/ver_online__stream_terrifier_2peliculacompleta_y_espaol_latino_gratis
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035343/pelisplus_ver_demon_slayer_kimetsu_no_yaiba_to_the_swordsmith_village_pelcula_completa_espaol_1080phd
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035345/demon_slayer_kimetsu_no_yaiba_to_the_swordsmith_village___vergratis_la_pelicula_completa_hd_sublatino
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035348/cuevana3ver_antman_y_la_avispa_quantumana_pelcula_completa_onlne_en_espaol_latino_y_chile
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035356/ver_antman_y_la_avispa_quantumana_sub_espanol2023_hd_online_pelicula
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035364/repeliz_la_ballena_the_whale2023_pelicula_completa_hd_stream_enlinea_online
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035367/streamcuevana3__ver_m3gan_2023_online_la_peliculayespanollatino
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1035371/repelis_1080p_ver__hd_llaman_a_la_puerta_2023_pelicula_online_espanol
https://filmvoircinemasdemonslayerkimetsunoyaiba2023.statuspage.io/
https://filmanimejpkimetsunoyaiba3.statuspage.io/
https://antman2023regarderfrfilmmarvel.statuspage.io/
https://vostfr4kantmanetlaguepequantumaniavoirhd2023film.statuspage.io/
https://vostfrvoirhdmissingfilm.statuspage.io/
https://filmcomediealibicom2vf.statuspage.io/
https://filmunhommeheureuxonlineetvostfrfrancais.statuspage.io/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/demon-slayer-3-2023-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swor/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/ver-anime-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/pelicula-completa-or-ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quant/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/ver-online-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-20/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/hd-terrifier-2-2023-ver-pelicula720ponline-en/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/6k-ver-as-bestas-pelicula-completa-hd-2022-4k/
https://repelis-online-gratis.gitbook.io/4k-mega-ver-john-wick-4-keanu-reeves-2023-p-e/
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1265169729132953600
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1265170880746225671
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1265172354808938499
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1265174123085561860
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1265176092898754563
https://huggingface.co/spaces/SusanVCarpenter/styllerpageoneope/discussions/1
https://huggingface.co/spaces/soekamti/full-version-hd/discussions/1
https://www.runtheworld.today/app/invitation/52153
https://www.runtheworld.today/app/invitation/52154
https://totheswordsmithvillagefull4k.statuspage.io/
https://player.soundon.fm/p/d1f102e5-8232-465e-ade8-dc8813a560fe
https://soundcloud.com/dede-rifki-10452010/2023-4k-hd1080p
https://soundcloud.com/orang-bourueng/tw-2023
https://www.blockdit.com/posts/63e91e93c4cb13d2723c16f9
https://sites.google.com/view/2023-4k1080pfull-hd/beranda
https://taplink.cc/totheswordsmithvillagehd2023
https://www.flowcode.com/page/fullversionfilmanime
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/efae838b-80ac-48ed-bb01-81decfa9285b/page/kXKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/edd00697-5584-4a0a-ad59-6519f99cb7a2/page/BZKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/978c5092-961e-4ac8-8807-a47d2aab2662/page/FbKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/e054c95c-0098-48b4-8b79-b0f9965e24fd/page/2cKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/6562c27d-a087-4d55-8893-36be25b71570/page/YeKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/bee94b1b-5a1a-4e8e-97eb-579f275640c1/page/TfKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/fc847024-4dad-4b95-90a8-60347d4ac440/page/xgKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/1daec90b-eb0a-42bf-ac87-3a2342700b27/page/riKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/005cd361-cafe-4604-b46f-e1edd067220f/page/EkKFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/70ba8bc8-6f05-459f-902d-31d3b01ed3ec/page/RlKFD
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/1
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/2
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/3
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/4
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/5
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/6
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/bengalloway335/filmbest/-/issues/7
https://megatorrent4kpelisantman2023peliculamarvel.statuspage.io/
https://antman2023onlinehdlineagratis.statuspage.io/
https://kimetsunoyaibaseason3animepelis.statuspage.io/
https://cinemaxpelisdemonslayer2023hd.statuspage.io/
https://terrifier2onlinepelisflix2.statuspage.io/
https://peliculajohnwick4veronlinehd.statuspage.io/
https://missingpeliculacuevana3.statuspage.io/
https://winiethepooh2023enespanollatinohd.statuspage.io/
https://www.flowcode.com/page/lapeliculakimetsunoyaiba2023
https://www.flowcode.com/page/kimetsunoyaibademonslayer2023
https://www.flowcode.com/page/antmanmarvelstudiopeliculahd
https://www.flowcode.com/page/antman2023gratisespanolpelis4k
https://www.flowcode.com/page/xcinemashd1080pterrifier2
https://www.flowcode.com/page/depelism3gastreaming
https://www.scoop.it/topic/hd-tw-1080p
https://www.scoop.it/topic/the-wandering-earth-2-full-version
https://www.scoop.it/topic/2-2023-by-yang-tersakiti
https://vk.com/twblurrayhd-tid-noi-2023-hd-thai https://vk.com/styllercinemark-tid-noi-2023-thai-4k-1080p
https://tech.io/snippet/HuCefva
https://vk.com/@watchstylleronline-2023-hd-thai
https://www.scoop.it/topic/2023-hd-by-awerabella-gmail-com
https://dotnetfiddle.net/mqE1Mv
https://ide.geeksforgeeks.org/online-php-compiler/0b67676d-f6f0-440d-a3c0-934e4ada9283
http://paste.jp/a764933b/
https://backlinktool.io/p/fcuMlmnK3TJhh3K3rGXt.html
https://www.pastery.net/zmuqqd/
https://telegra.ph/easg-b4hg-02-11
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/03477815
https://issuu.com/ginanne
https://bitbin.it/kQcU1HnJ/
https://justpaste.me/QuL6
https://paiza.io/projects/3rtV_Cndki7UFXUPvjYHig?language=php
http://pastebin.falz.net/2499694
https://justpaste.it/cfz1w
https://pastebin.com/NceY4Bga
https://rentry.co/katnc
http://beterhbo.ning.com/photo/albums/aswfbsetsetst
https://ideone.com/JxhcSi
https://etextpad.com/h4ahttgqhg
http://ben-kiki.org/ypaste/data/68547/index.html
https://webhitlist.com/photo/albums/awftba33setst
https://www.cakeresume.com/portfolios/west-ham-vs-chelsea-live-stream
http://foxsheets.statfoxsports.com/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/120680/Default.aspx
https://www.silverwoodmc.org/forum/church-directory/confirmed-lineups-odds-for-premier-league-derby-battle
https://demo.evolutionscript.com/index.php/forum/topic/187141-West-Ham-vs-Chelsea-live-stream
https://paste.ofcode.org/3c3ZdNNQs4nZFfSbckcVnLB
https://www.threadless.com/forum/post/1034791/west_ham_vs_chelsea_live_stream_tv_channel_confirmed_lineups_odds_for_premier_league_derby_battle
https://ctxt.io/2/AAAQF-XjEA
http://healingxchange.ning.com/photo/albums/awfbwasts3btst
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/9c5eac63
https://dailybusinesspost.com/player-ratings-ac-milan-1-0-torino-thiaw-the-motm-midfield-struggles/
https://playit4ward-sanantonio.ning.com/photo/albums/aswgawebstdd
https://www.pardubice247.cz/west-ham-vs-chelsea-live-stream-tv-channel-confirmed-lineups-odds-for-premier-league-derby-battle
https://www.onfeetnation.com/profiles/blogs/eshsen-drydnr
https://www.deviantart.com/deryhiu/journal/Confirmed-lineups-odds-for-Premier-League-derby-949128822
https://caribbeanfever.com/photo/albums/awgsghseh
https://www.kikyus.net/t15092-topic#16461
https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/forum/showthread.php?t=2295140
https://theprose.com/post/618406/west-ham-vs-chelsea-live-stream-confirmed-lineups-odds-for-premier-league-derby-battle
https://yamcode.com/d868pngh4f
https://onlinegdb.com/smmG_uNL8
https://jsitor.com/Bl69tPX3jH
https://muckrack.com/wsafrseg-sdehdrhjdr/bio
https://spot.tecno.com/global/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=215099&extra=
https://stockhouse.com/companies/bullboard/t.ath/athabasca-oil-corp?postid=35281509
https://vocus.cc/article/63e7e619fd89780001459ed2
https://notes.io/q4gYB
https://ginanjarg697.cgsociety.org/fu4v/midua-cintaa
https://pasteio.com/xRZI56yPiJ5S
https://paste.awesom.eu/awsfsbett/1dov
https://tautaruna.nra.lv/forums/tema/49516-eny5yruurtu-ehertdjrtjrjrj/
https://forum.techtudo.globo.com/perguntas/599350/ac-milan-1-0-torino-thiaw-the-motm
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_ghbryfthhj,59073675.html
https://pantip.com/topic/41867106
https://www.dancehalldatabase.com/forum/Dancehall-Reggae/WEST-HAM-UNITED-VS-CHELSEA/fe9de7041388eb8ed9ed759a00b3809c/43780
https://ahmadarer741.diary.ru/p221507033_confirmed-lineups-odds-for-premier-league-derby-battle.htm
https://zacriley.ning.com/photo/albums/wsafgsehgshs
https://rextester.com/UTSFS40906
https://pastelink.net/g1nofie2
https://fullhd1080pdemonslayerseason3filmfrench.statuspage.io/
https://voirkimetsunoyaibatotheswordsmithvillagefilmvfonline.statuspage.io/
https://hdfilmantmanetlaguepe2023marvel.statuspage.io/
https://film-hd-online-asterixetobelix-regadrer-gratuit.statuspage.io/
https://regarderonlinehdknockatthecabinvostfrmp4.statuspage.io/
https://film4kvostfrmissinghd.statuspage.io/
https://alibicom2streamfilmvfcomplet.statuspage.io/
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/5ff55988-6306-4ffc-9ac4-6204e77ea155/page/zHEFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/953a6022-8482-4c29-afde-aebee7917e55/page/zJEFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/c16c7093-d9e9-4247-85b6-ad2b18f2696f/page/rKEFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/99ca29f1-76ac-4bcc-ab6b-825df420f8fc/page/eMEFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/85f2a418-2973-4b60-bc0a-8b459dd2ad27/page/BOEFD
https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/0f17a3fa-2bc6-4857-8d4b-3d42923dfb2f/page/IQEFD
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2450224
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2450226
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2450229
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2450231
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2450234
https://vk.com/-218797042-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsmith-village-pe https://vk.com/zplaycinemas-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsmith-village-hd
https://vk.com/zplaycinemas-ver-pelisplus-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2023-online-en https://vk.com/zplaycinemas-ver1080p-hd-asterix-y-obelix-el-reino-medio-2023-pelicula
https://vk.com/@zplaycinemas-hd720p-ver-online-llaman-a-la-puerta-2023-pelicula-subes
Leave a comment