sustainability · 2198 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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  • bajulkaja15

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  • saradabustam27

    Mayor Eric Adams and Governor Kathy Hochul announced plans to build a $1.6 billion life sciences center in Manhattan, furthering the city’s longstanding priority to become a world leader in the field. .

    “Here we will find new vaccines, treat chronic diseases and unlock knowledge that will help millions live longer, stronger and healthier lives,” Adams said at a joint press conference with Hochul on Thursday. .

    The science park and research campus will occupy a 1.5 million square foot downtown block called Kipps Bay and will be built within Hunter College Brookdale Health Sciences Center as part of the CUNY system. This is Adams’ largest economic development project to date.

    It is expected to serve as an academic and employment pathway for the growing life sciences sector, which the city and state have sought to bolster for years. The purpose of these facilities has become more urgent after the pandemic hit New York, prompting lawmakers to consider what tools are in place to deal with similar crises in the future.

    CUNY Chancellor Felix Matos Rodriguez said in a speech that the life sciences center will integrate with CUNY’s Hunter School of Nursing and School of Health Professions, Life Sciences Laboratories , simulation rooms and certification courses. According to Matos Rodriguez, the center will also house a public high school dedicated to life sciences. The campus, which won’t be built until 2031, will connect to existing health facilities in the neighborhood, including NYU Langone Medical Center, Bellevue Hospital and Alexandria Life Sciences Center.

    Life sciences have remained a priority in past administrations, particularly for former mayor Bill de Blasio, who invested $1 billion in the life sciences sector, including money for a center of applied sciences. But then-Gov. Andrew Cuomo has launched his own separate initiative allocating $650 million to the sector. However, these two proposals never converged.

    In a statement, Hochul praised the mayor’s chief of staff, Frank Carone, and his secretary, Karen Persichelli, of Keogh, for arranging several meetings to complete the project.

    “We’ve been able to overcome obstacles and obstacles for decades that just require commitment, getting things done, rolling up our sleeves and working together,” Hochul said. “A very radical idea – city and state working together.”
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