Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing COinto the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

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    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102960828798809
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961086798809
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961332798809
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961482798809
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961608798809
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961722798809
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961722798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961608798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961482798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961332798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961086798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102960828798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102960750798809&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102960630798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102960630798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102960750798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102960828798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961086798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961332798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961482798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961608798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573964270724&set=a.122102961722798809
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961722798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961608798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961482798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961332798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102961086798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102960828798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102960750798809&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122102960630798809&type=3
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/g0ATwkLl6Ig
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/oRi4Fz-Dhbs
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/oR9ugIQLplc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/uNZisFkdzn4
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lRIbmaCF6Oc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/leut9IjsYkY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/u7OoZihpwsc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ryhZ5eFfSkY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/hA3pBLFo5gc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/kRbSblF-Gw8
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/tAobHNUIbKQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lqJClEJP6FY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/uc71U6v4J1A
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/s4Lnv4O5Zcw
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vKDIholDUZY
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/uo2SB8C2xrs
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/olnRyqU9Xtk
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/qcirt00SoUo
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/1
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/2
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/3
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/4
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/5
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/6
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/7
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/8
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/9
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/10
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/11
    https://github.com/ngndekkyok/dytt/discussions/12

  • MEKISAN

    https://www.bitchute.com/channel/RFc0wQPSQjUd
    https://www.bitchute.com/channel/vbIv53otqJVq/
    https://www.bitchute.com/channel/L56OAbIXz2s8
    https://bitchute.com/video/zu9vmt1TAQpW/
    https://bitchute.com/video/MZmXbcQfV5Dm/
    https://bitchute.com/video/sXAywN3bR9Yi/
    https://bitchute.com/video/pzptXr2Be2CL/
    https://bitchute.com/video/fmqPPISWpCbg/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Ovj7rVVv3bpX/
    https://bitchute.com/video/LkCF2L4PGA8M/
    https://bitchute.com/video/cS1wcYN0Z1bx/
    https://bitchute.com/video/86Km57Kw3XSE/
    https://bitchute.com/video/42ebytrrjFFV/
    https://bitchute.com/video/D3Kvoy2j6A4V/
    https://bitchute.com/video/0mRIVU4n8ZGs/
    https://bitchute.com/video/xP0TFEMsvVWC/
    https://bitchute.com/video/jbCzJmoFKIte/
    https://bitchute.com/video/D2Hd9vvKXtW4/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ZraNh1MNbAMn/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ozTL3WNg1mWy/
    https://bitchute.com/video/7O6lgpRxCqaK/
    https://bitchute.com/video/kvgcUy1cKZHW/
    https://bitchute.com/video/2egsFGmpOJ29/
    https://bitchute.com/video/jxBiC2B4jCqg/
    https://bitchute.com/video/uvOIkMQvnljq/
    https://bitchute.com/video/DvfV7WsTfStZ/
    https://bitchute.com/video/vfXuOAJPNCIV/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ylC0IuZcKQ4g/
    https://bitchute.com/video/yE3ENywRarib/
    https://bitchute.com/video/pG9XX9YVciy1/
    https://bitchute.com/video/UD3dyQKBYNjw/
    https://bitchute.com/video/YU7O3JPjbQci/
    https://bitchute.com/video/7W6IxMuOZf84/
    https://bitchute.com/video/TlYnx3Afxnlu/
    https://bitchute.com/video/wLlXfHqhnmgk/
    https://bitchute.com/video/raOZlsiSOOAl/
    https://bitchute.com/video/rFolbrQldUey/
    https://bitchute.com/video/yjOLKPfXvF93/
    https://bitchute.com/video/0Z3qE71a8Jm7/
    https://bitchute.com/video/4D3uSlARVMFC/
    https://bitchute.com/video/NpEr0AHiwVUy/
    https://bitchute.com/video/eo98yRV1kprT/
    https://bitchute.com/video/2z8a2DR3FUes/
    https://bitchute.com/video/tPQBsyOUwetL/
    https://bitchute.com/video/czA4sf47Mrxv/
    https://bitchute.com/video/qhctrjc6QkZK/
    https://bitchute.com/video/de5uMuSGhsHy/
    https://bitchute.com/video/cBloRIEPZwCH/
    https://bitchute.com/video/zMJ5zaVlhb0j/
    https://bitchute.com/video/HXVlRZYKol6i/
    https://bitchute.com/video/NyP2G3vWuN27/
    https://bitchute.com/video/wKUza4BdTuaO/
    https://bitchute.com/video/azh44DccMDfp/
    https://bitchute.com/video/PENy6pwsgj1S/
    https://bitchute.com/video/NbkPnCxXoX8i/
    https://bitchute.com/video/rkWpVMbGgajg/
    https://bitchute.com/video/coZwEZ5kzUzN/
    https://bitchute.com/video/eFE3DIZODA5T/
    https://bitchute.com/video/T63R5WU9sjgL/
    https://bitchute.com/video/bKcVPQUiUduq/
    https://bitchute.com/video/MxVhnHouAbbs/
    https://bitchute.com/video/BY6zNd9qCgiL/
    https://bitchute.com/video/fNDWb5xGCp01/
    https://bitchute.com/video/dUNTNxPZd9vq/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Ml8YTOkgVa5F/
    https://bitchute.com/video/xketzfzT7vn2/
    https://bitchute.com/video/IUxQj1IyjiHq/
    https://bitchute.com/video/t45agLxDkgCA/
    https://bitchute.com/video/YuQEH8HqVvSm/
    https://bitchute.com/video/epEyDp8Gvoei/
    https://bitchute.com/video/zMhjvc98bM8M/
    https://bitchute.com/video/FiWhChBS05Ps/
    https://bitchute.com/video/lnzyBGCO4Uno/
    https://bitchute.com/video/yWfyJGdSqbIZ/
    https://bitchute.com/video/JrDrwrKWezLc/
    https://bitchute.com/video/dTXWP4d82DOD/
    https://bitchute.com/video/0×3scuiE9e6t/
    https://bitchute.com/video/q5WoR6dB7bt7/
    https://bitchute.com/video/eZPR46dXS9Kx/
    https://bitchute.com/video/S7sha5VBUAov/
    https://bitchute.com/video/qJArxqdQj4pp/
    https://bitchute.com/video/1IlOO5GUEuBD/
    https://bitchute.com/video/A2WRn8t8Xizw/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ENHOZFQRq5aq/
    https://bitchute.com/video/daaNdMWsVWpd/
    https://bitchute.com/video/X7cDjxnc6jgS/
    https://bitchute.com/video/X7cDjxnc6jgS/
    https://bitchute.com/video/4rnws8qO3Fal/
    https://bitchute.com/video/UwTvJAGPRAld/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ZJOpYdTmkexX/
    https://bitchute.com/video/HdN7ZkK5EjxD/
    https://bitchute.com/video/8uNQsNGsU0Zp/
    https://bitchute.com/video/oikj2Rzzh1Hh/
    https://bitchute.com/video/JV10NvLKpS8p/
    https://bitchute.com/video/MTnZnCnJFVvP/
    https://bitchute.com/video/wVMeCgQOvmGm/
    https://bitchute.com/video/hJ7Hnzhe7TaL/
    https://bitchute.com/video/uoVsVpGrUtPu/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Fiz8us6TEp5D/
    https://bitchute.com/video/LCRXQLAAbruo/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ApkFlOnm8XXN/
    https://bitchute.com/video/qymgsOHJiJyO/
    https://bitchute.com/video/LvZbla3YG0Ok/
    https://bitchute.com/video/KjJ9YYPiAgIv/
    https://bitchute.com/video/it7VycwF6vHv/
    https://bitchute.com/video/9CtufAKI6a0Q/
    https://bitchute.com/video/4KyLHt1Ib6aH/
    https://bitchute.com/video/nHwb2xTZOxNC/
    https://bitchute.com/video/QEZSNvWP8kWE/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ZvaSI76nouuU/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Wy8FAmJaGUY0/
    https://bitchute.com/video/gUzco5f8JJEs/
    https://bitchute.com/video/VMslEaiY6KEX/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ih6aWM2bwJPJ/
    https://bitchute.com/video/zEtAOeq6Fguz/
    https://bitchute.com/video/SO12MKiBhZbe/
    https://bitchute.com/video/pUVDjhjRbtsM/
    https://bitchute.com/video/TwgvcrA8CW4k/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Vi03U9QE0cpW/
    https://bitchute.com/video/xECaIiMqlyw0/
    https://bitchute.com/video/yUTFJKWt06hC/
    https://bitchute.com/video/OOxp7NH26rqa/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Nvri0gHEROg4/
    https://bitchute.com/video/fiHGOmPM4zfg/
    https://bitchute.com/video/w3ISN4AeNyox/
    https://bitchute.com/video/PbAZiSu0mxjH/
    https://bitchute.com/video/XKUGoVPvSmAp/
    https://bitchute.com/video/eCQigrc5IM6o/
    https://bitchute.com/video/pNmai7ETuRE7/
    https://bitchute.com/video/GcA5BLaLaE3j/
    https://bitchute.com/video/0ujJ0wMybGwK/
    https://bitchute.com/video/pST4quRt8KHD/
    https://bitchute.com/video/bJAI8vMDVnh7/
    https://bitchute.com/video/3Lf4ftRlAMhk/
    https://bitchute.com/video/7h9CnOTHrmdS/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Rou0q6UgWVi5/
    https://bitchute.com/video/5mMW3XrgR3oT/
    https://bitchute.com/video/g3iJUpvINdat/
    https://bitchute.com/video/OVoJF5Te98sB/
    https://bitchute.com/video/PUQGDoVfepoA/
    https://bitchute.com/video/mJIbVbJT51CE/
    https://bitchute.com/video/uuzX9akrdh4S/
    https://bitchute.com/video/0tvKq5Xs5VgY/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Fb10oqsb9vIu/
    https://bitchute.com/video/tIIYb3rGi9eL/
    https://bitchute.com/video/h7k2QQVDdXnW/
    https://bitchute.com/video/LOV2wy7ERdDZ/
    https://bitchute.com/video/0VxclEjqKBp5/
    https://bitchute.com/video/ZPqnOr15M4sY/
    https://bitchute.com/video/LcNQverUCeCY/
    https://bitchute.com/video/byFQNkJC7oOS/
    https://bitchute.com/video/Sp7h9DDp6pwv/
    https://bitchute.com/video/E2ffIaPlZcfs/
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/temat_btshj6u56eu5ht,70288587.html
    https://scrapbox.io/BOXOFFICEPRIME/www.bitchute.com%2Fchannel%2FRFc0wQPSQjUd
    https://moviesweb4k.mybloghunch.com/babygirl-film-streaming-vf
    https://www.diigo.com/item/note/bdvno/oh1r?k=5219d2971ea23c36adc9b43545549ab2
    https://maxfilmsvip.theblog.me/posts/56496627
    https://babygirl-film-streaming-vf.blog.hu/
    https://community.wongcw.com/blogs/1011337/njytjjy7ui7ui7
    https://app.daily.dev/posts/bnydjyj75ri76i76-8ifbwuhig
    https://www.furaffinity.net/journal/11092042/
    https://mymediads.com/btgsrhjthj5eju56/
    https://trakteer.id/merlinakomaro/post/film-streaming-vf-c7QJF
    https://searchtech.fogbugz.com/default.asp?Suggestions.1.709187.0
    https://www.deviantart.com/cibire/art/1170948304
    https://www.pixiv.net/novel/show.php?id=24275723
    https://www.surveyking.com/survey/op36q
    https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/makbongki/diary/202503150000/
    https://telegra.ph/vehtsh4nrthj-03-14
    https://graph.org/vdbvrfegh4y54-03-14
    https://www.tipga.com/e/67d47bdb3286fe1f4623cb04
    https://gasteyus.hashnode.dev/film-streaming-vf
    https://matters.town/a/7cok3o0uiqhx
    https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/sookongajol/profile
    https://muckrack.com/sookon-gajol/bio
    https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/HqRp38
    https://findaspring.org/members/sookongajol/
    http://www.limesucks.com/member/sookongajol/
    https://medium.com/@cibiremarukocan/film-streaming-vf-460302a85d47
    https://pastelink.net/04fyzxg2
    https://rextester.com/XWS52007
    https://yamcode.com/brtydj5ue56
    https://paiza.io/projects/mcPQuMz1J4Dkqrys_VrNvQ?language=php
    https://output.jsbin.com/qanuhivawe
    https://paste.kodi.tv/abejavuyaz
    https://paste.ee/p/gVG5ioa8
    https://jsitor.com/s_3UTUjB6w
    https://etextpad.com/public/frg7jl05tc
    https://glot.io/snippets/h5h9yh3dg9
    https://p.ip.fi/3kBL
    https://ideone.com/op9ZPM
    https://rentry.co/5agqprza
    https://snippet.host/rbaice
    https://onlinegdb.com/sxYS8hSX4
    https://anonpaste.com/share/935ab7a5bd
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/90d8e23c
    https://paste.myst.rs/y5tdx4q9
    https://paste.imirhil.fr/?e152c3d0ef5003df#THZaVNCGXAb+hfJCi6b9MpM1eTaDSadV5Nk/ZQfPCiE=
    https://paste.chapril.org/?e5769ec7686ab8a7#DRbxro2ZzUd3kwWmXYZusvbHYZxHcPVY1Az3JMxdK4J8
    https://sebsauvage.net/paste/?5767c44e41eaf299#5wclKXf86icAZduGNpCOv+6EimggTvBKW3dChQIvKi4=
    https://www.pastebin.pt/?c4dc72835290697f#1P/BSNqq/DxFzSogQ14v21gIqtINXtpEEYqYLnSZs=
    https://ivpaste.com/v/UNuSxp3QXq
    https://paste.thezomg.com/302016/97889217/
    https://onecompiler.com/html/43btcdbgk
    https://paste.md-5.net/urarabijun.cpp
    https://justpaste.it/c5h47
    http://nopaste.ceske-hry.cz/1408280
    https://notes.io/wKpCw
    https://paste.centos.org/view/2775d269
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/w0QOPkQmFZe
    https://paste.intergen.online/view/27e9074a
    https://paste.firnsy.com/paste/t9XFC59WlfB
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/46505/bthjtdrju6u56u65
    https://foro.ribbon.es/topic/63440/bvhthjeueu6u56u56
    https://www.web3devcommunity.com/topic/54670/vrfhty4wy54y54y
    http://nexusstem.co.uk/community/main-forum/vdavgrgewg3ty34t4/
    https://diendannhansu.com/threads/vdghh64eu6eu64eu65u.744506/
    https://forumketoan.com/threads/vdavdavacascsa.63847/
    http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/vdgbrehy5y4.19902/
    http://www.fellnasen-service.de/index.php?thread/499038-vrhbrthtju6eu6/
    https://chobaolam.vn/threads/vdbvrey554.618747/
    https://highdesertdeals.com/threads/vrfehtu4e6u56.33231/
    https://chodilinh.com/threads/vbrfeht4eu46u6.452100/
    https://celtindependent.com/advert/muyktkl7to78o87/
    https://www.jobin.co.za/cv/sulaiman-nabeo-360547.html


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