Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change
Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off, and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.
What is coral bleaching?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.
Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.
What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.
Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?
Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.
Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).
Coastline Protection - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).
Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.
What Can we do to Help?
Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.
References:
- https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
- https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
- https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf
Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-monster-summer-2
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-megalopolis-2024
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-deadpool-3-wolve
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusversubservience2024on
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusvertransformersone202
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-verbeetlejuice22024
https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusverbeetlejuicebeetlej
https://www.wilkinswalk.com/blogs/blogger/nike-air-vapormax?comment=133488050340#comments
http://www.limesucks.com/thread/wdw/
https://postheaven.net/o58c8qozjm
https://forum.woimortal.com
https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/ddff55.49847/
https://www.cantiqla.com/blogs/news/cantiq-anniversary-party?comment=132950163565#comments
https://smartsnack.cl/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137150365874#comments
https://www.allthebabies.co/blogs/news/mom-to-mom-with-valerie?comment=134153666800#comments
https://chobaolam.vn/threads/hrthtrhrj.553713/
http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/gregergr.7017/
https://socialmphl.com/story19696709/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://prbookmarkingwebsites.com/story20192489/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
https://smmwebforum.com/threads/hthththtr.21568/
https://haftahavit.com/blogs/news/so-simple-gifts-for-everyone?comment=134958645546#comments
https://www.baristaswag.com/blogs/news/free-pour-latte-art-coffee-art?comment=138142875750#comments
https://tagzfoods.com/blogs/news/tagz-why?comment=134153634032#comments
http://www.ks-welldental.com/well/bbs/board.php?bo_table=daily&wr_id=5&&page=1&#c_149
https://www.homerev.com/blogs/home-revolution/how-often-should-i-wash-my-reusable-coffee-mug?comment=135482540285#comments
https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/gthyhyj.19014/
https://forum.sweepsflow.com/category/39/promotions/forum/community/discussions/71309-grgtght
https://pelisplushd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-transformers-one-2024-pelicula-online-en-espanol
https://pelisplushd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-beetlejuice-2-2024-pel-cula-online-en-espa-ol-y-subtitulad
https://cuevanahd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-deadpool-3-wolverine-2024-online-en-espa-ol
https://cuevanahd.outgrow.us/cuevana-3-ver-transformers-one-2024-pelicula-online-en-espa-ol
https://githubespana.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-joker-folie-deux-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol
https://veraqui.outgrow.us/ver-transformers-one-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
https://veraqui.outgrow.us/ver-beetlejuice-2-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
https://meganfox.outgrow.us/ver-subservience-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
https://pastelink.net/9cz3avak
https://www.pastery.net/yrzhvz/
https://snippet.host/cyyeyu
https://pastebin.com/
https://tech.io/snippet/jR1KvOV
https://glot.io/snippets/h0at1fynaw
https://paste.toolforge.org/view/494051ca
https://telegra.ph/scscvs-09-26
https://paiza.io/projects/CfBrGJSwEXeCxgFR2tdirg
https://rentry.co/hx66fwxg
https://etextpad.com/gmrvocreyp
https://www.taptap.io/post/8231157
https://yamcode.com/untitled-104119
https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/bcc3fbd1
https://paste.myst.rs/itist9kx
https://paste.thezomg.com/
https://www.onlinegdb.com/
https://network.propertyweek.com/
https://community.thoracic.org/
https://sloan.ucr.edu/
https://justpaste.it/gaukt
https://ctxt.io/2/AAC49klOFg
https://asmao.hashnode.dev/r32r32rf3r
https://ourclass.mn.co/posts/dwed
http://clan-banderos.de/web/index.php?site=profile&id=1&action=guestbook
https://jsfiddle.net/fuhpsL0k/
http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
https://rextester.com/YZFXI92875
https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/155001-htht
https://forum.instube.com/d/145319-htht
https://matters.town/a/68mxg8pqcb8c
https://bitbin.it/6G6qGBq6/
https://www.wowace.com/paste/e72ea6d0
https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/MzB7g4
https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/category/1/announcements
https://www.forexagone.com/forum/create
https://www.selbstbesaiter.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/
https://jpn.itlibra.com/article?id=23247
https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/off-topic/4gerger/
https://www.dotandlil.com/blogs/blog/77012548-now-in-stock-vintage-honey-tins-maintenant-disponibles-pots-de-miel-vintage?comment=134332186903#comments
https://ca.gleener.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-workspace-working-for-you?comment=132613799994#comments
https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=127843270841#comments
https://www.radiowarta.pl/artykul/16063,jak-nie-dac-sie-infekcji
https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/8268/frfrfrg
https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Lists/ConfReg/AllItems.aspx?
https://www.lacartuccia.ch/g%C3%A4stebuch/
https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/15010/scs
https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/11071/sccs
https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=68346977&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
http://paste.jp/712589ad/
https://bitbin.it/6G6qGBq6/raw/
https://hackmd.io/1snlF_CtSmuqr9OxpdLJXg
https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136548745521#comments
https://wokwi.com/projects/410105200488938497
https://ant-man-et-la-guepe-quantumania-streaming-films-gratuit.statuspage.io/
https://voir-film-ant-man-et-la-guepe-quantumania-2023-gtyu.statuspage.io/
https://voir-film-ant-man-et-la-guepe-quantumania-fr-gratuit.statuspage.io/
https://voirantmanetlaguepequantumaniastreamingvf.statuspage.io/
https://antmanetlaguepequantumaniafilmgratuit2023.statuspage.io/
https://voirfilmarreteavectesmensongesgratuitfrancais.statuspage.io/
https://voirfilmalabelleetoilestreamingvf.statuspage.io/
https://voir-film-creed-iii-complet-2023.statuspage.io/
https://thewhalefilmstreamingvf2023.statuspage.io/
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/ernestdotson812/pelisplusgratis/-/issues/6
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/ernestdotson812/pelisplusgratis/-/issues/7
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/ernestdotson812/pelisplusgratis/-/issues/8
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/ernestdotson812/pelisplusgratis/-/issues/9
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/ernestdotson812/pelisplusgratis/-/issues/10
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/ernestdotson812/pelisplusgratis/-/issues/11
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2023-pelicul/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/ver-cuevana3-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/pelisplus-ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/ver-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsm/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsm/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/ver-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-sword/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/pelisplus-ver-m3gan-hd-2023-en-pelicula-compl/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/ver-cuevana-m3gan-2023-pelicula-completa-onlin/
https://vergratiscastellano4kespanol.gitbook.io/pelisplus-verla-ballena-the-whale-online-espanol/
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268782059645304838
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268778814335877128
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268776913896996865
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268773349493571585
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268771237065916416
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268542259004702721
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268543762394251264
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268546004635353094
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268548722511052804
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268551809652752385
https://cinerepelisverantman3marvel.statuspage.io/
https://cinerepelisantmanylaavispaquantumania.statuspage.io/
https://hdantmanylaavispaquantumaniaverespanol2023subgratis.statuspage.io/
https://thefirstslamdunkcuevanacineanime.statuspage.io/
https://cinemasanimedemonslayer3googledrive.statuspage.io/
https://streamverdemonslayer3kimetsunoyaiba.statuspage.io/
https://relojhdterrifierpelis.statuspage.io/
https://veronlinejohnwick4pelicula.statuspage.io/
https://versupermariobros2023peliscinemas.statuspage.io/
https://repelishdwinniethepooh2023lineagratis.statuspage.io/
https://www.flowcode.com/page/nuevo-pelisplushd
https://www.flowcode.com/page/cinemasveronline-gratis-fullhd
https://www.flowcode.com/page/3dcuevana-ant-manylaavispa2023
https://www.flowcode.com/page/cirox-pelicula-completa
https://www.flowcode.com/page/mega-premiere-ver-online
https://www.flowcode.com/page/123peliculaultrahdantman3
https://www.flowcode.com/page/eslapremierantman3pelis
https://www.flowcode.com/page/peliskr-projectwolfhunting-hd
https://boosty.to/123repelisgratis/posts/630fe654-e1be-40fd-8e2c-ee16260cf226
https://boosty.to/123repelisgratis/posts/ac1e1b0d-45c5-4d75-8cc2-e9fa872e7720
https://boosty.to/123repelisgratis/posts/dcd63613-f755-4aa0-b509-00999e803fc4
https://boosty.to/123repelisgratis/posts/b711c5c0-632c-4833-9cd2-87ed139f605e
https://boosty.to/123repelisgratis/posts/420ddc49-a139-4e0b-b9ff-1267806f15a4
https://boosty.to/123repelisgratis/posts/6b4df058-7cc8-413f-9d0c-e1cb195c690b
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/ver-gratis-super-mario-bros-la-pelicula-2023-animacion-nuevo-hdespanol-latino-y-chile
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/cine71-ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2023-pelicula-completa-en-espanol
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/nuevover-eant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2023-espsub-pelicula
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/nuevo4k-cinemas-ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-peliculas-online-hd-mega-torrent
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/cinemax-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsmith-village-2023anime-peliculas
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/pelis-mejores-john-wick-4accion-pelicula-ver-online-mp4-espanol
https://soundcloud.com/tania-everett/cuevana-1080pthe-first-slam-dunk-2023-pelicula-oficial-hd-en-espanol-streaming-gratis-4k
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268551879487913985
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268549903769665541
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268548117801205764
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268546813615931393
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268544590408318980
https://ver-gratis-terrifier-2-pelisplus-4k.statuspage.io/
https://ver-gratis-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-2023-gtf.statuspage.io/
https://ver-gratis-super-mario-bros-la-pelicula-completa-2023-gtf.statuspage.io/
https://pelisplus-4k-john-wick-4-repelis-cine.statuspage.io/
https://gratis-la-novia-de-america-2023-gtf.statuspage.io/
https://irati-pelicula-2023-peliscine-4k.statuspage.io/
https://cuevana3ver-creed-iii-pelicula-completa-2023-tyu.statuspage.io/
https://cuevana3-ver-detective-knight-ultima-mision-2023-yyu.statuspage.io/
https://cuevana3-ver-canta-con-una-chispa-de-armonia-2023-gtf.statuspage.io/
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268608437915746311
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268607733222604803
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268607498685251585
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268606281431384070
https://communityin.oppo.com/thread/1268605941726052352
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453358
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453359
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453361
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453363
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453365
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453367
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2453370
https://vk.com/mopieboxoffice-films-voir-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-2023-francais-gr https://vk.com/movpcinemark-voir-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-streaming-vf-complet-e
https://vk.com/simonamarkova-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania https://vk.com/styllercinemark-voir-ant-man-et-la-guepe-quantumania-streaming-vostfr
https://voir-ant-man-et-la-guepe-streaming-vf-2023.statuspage.io/
https://voirantmanetlaguepequantumaniafilmcompletsousfr.statuspage.io/
https://ant-man-and-the-wasp-filmcompletenfrancais.statuspage.io/
https://vk.com/twblurray-demonslayerkimetsunoyaibatotheswordsmithvillage-2023hd https://www.runtheworld.today/app/invitation/52443 https://www.runtheworld.today/app/invitation/52444 https://vk.com/chinahade-1080p-tw
https://www.flowcode.com/page/the-wandering-earth-2-film-hd
https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/husnariani/profile
https://profile.hatena.ne.jp/sirenduyung/profile
https://www.scoop.it/topic/the-history-of-po-ans-the-fruit-of-the-tenacity-of-a-successful-hawker-in-managing-a-transportation-business
https://pelisplus-ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quant.statuspage.io/
https://antman3verclemex.statuspage.io/
https://cinemaxantman3.statuspage.io/
https://vergratis-hd-antman-3-marvel.statuspage.io/
https://terrifier2megapelisplus.statuspage.io/
https://demonslayer2023mega4kultrahd-pelisplus.statuspage.io/
https://4kanimejpfilmdemonslayer2023.statuspage.io/
https://antman3nuevohdpelis.statuspage.io/
https://peliskr-project-wolf-hunting-jdk.statuspage.io/
https://kinopelis-espana-johnwick-4.statuspage.io/
https://filmantman3vfonline.statuspage.io/
https://antman3cinemafrench.statuspage.io/
https://vfvoiranimedemonslayerfilmhdversionfrancaise.statuspage.io/
https://hd-marvelfilm-ant-man3-2023.statuspage.io/
https://projectwolfhuntingstreamingvfvostfr.statuspage.io/
https://megavostfr4kfilmantman3french.statuspage.io/
https://johwwick4vfstream.statuspage.io/
https://hdfilmkinoanschauenantman2023marvel.statuspage.io/
https://streamcloudkinoxantman2023film.statuspage.io/
https://mcufilmantman3streamdeutschkino4k.statuspage.io/
https://perfectaddictionimkinofilmonline.statuspage.io/
https://kinoxjetztdemonslayer3filmanimezhy.statuspage.io/
https://creed3imkinofilmdeutsch.statuspage.io/
https://mcuantmanandthewaspquantumaniafilmdeutsch.statuspage.io/
https://www.flowcode.com/page/hdantman3-play-cines-espana
https://www.flowcode.com/page/ver-antman3-peliculaonline
https://www.flowcode.com/page/hd4k-pelis-ant-man-3marvels
https://www.flowcode.com/page/verstreamantman32023
https://www.flowcode.com/page/demonslayer3cuevanaprime
https://www.flowcode.com/page/hdcineterrifier2online
https://www.flowcode.com/page/elpiloto4kpremierepelis
https://www.flowcode.com/page/4k-pelis-projetwolfhunting
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/riveramike447/pelispop/-/issues/1
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/riveramike447/pelispop/-/issues/2
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/riveramike447/pelispop/-/issues/3
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/riveramike447/pelispop/-/issues/4
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/riveramike447/pelispop/-/issues/5
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/riveramike447/pelispop/-/issues/6
https://www.provenexpert.com/ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-en-linea-peliculas-hd-2023/
https://www.provenexpert.com/cuevana4k-ver-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-pelicula-completa-latino-2023-gratis-en-linea/
https://www.provenexpert.com/hd-1080p-demon-slayer-kimetsu-no-yaiba-to-the-swordsmith-village-pelicula-completa-en-espanol-latino-mega-videos-linea/
https://www.provenexpert.com/ver-repelishd-ant-man-y-la-avispa-quantumania-pelicula-completa-4k-quality/
https://www.provenexpert.com/ver-terrifier-2-terror-pelicula-2023-hd-gratis/
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2452884
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2452889
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2452904
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2452909
https://writer.dek-d.com/dek-d/writer/view.php?id=2452910
https://gitlab.gnome.org/dewedeth/0x-api-starter-guide-code/-/issues/447
https://gitlab.gnome.org/dewedeth/0x-api-starter-guide-code/-/issues/449
https://gitlab.gnome.org/dewedeth/0x-api-starter-guide-code/-/issues/451
https://gitlab.gnome.org/dewedeth/0x-api-starter-guide-code/-/issues/455
Leave a comment