sustainability · 3279 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

3280 comments

Your comment was posted successfully! Thank you!

  • dgrtjhg

    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-monster-summer-2
    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-megalopolis-2024
    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-ver-deadpool-3-wolve
    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusversubservience2024on
    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusvertransformersone202
    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplus-verbeetlejuice22024
    https://sites.google.com/view/pelisplusverbeetlejuicebeetlej
    https://www.wilkinswalk.com/blogs/blogger/nike-air-vapormax?comment=133488050340#comments
    http://www.limesucks.com/thread/wdw/
    https://postheaven.net/o58c8qozjm
    https://forum.woimortal.com
    https://dangtinvantai.com/threads/ddff55.49847/
    https://www.cantiqla.com/blogs/news/cantiq-anniversary-party?comment=132950163565#comments
    https://smartsnack.cl/blogs/news/beneficios-de-dejar-el-azucar-y-tips-para-lograrlo?comment=137150365874#comments
    https://www.allthebabies.co/blogs/news/mom-to-mom-with-valerie?comment=134153666800#comments
    https://chobaolam.vn/threads/hrthtrhrj.553713/
    http://forum.dnpsolpol.ru/threads/gregergr.7017/
    https://socialmphl.com/story19696709/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
    https://prbookmarkingwebsites.com/story20192489/stream-free-movies-tv-shows
    https://smmwebforum.com/threads/hthththtr.21568/
    https://haftahavit.com/blogs/news/so-simple-gifts-for-everyone?comment=134958645546#comments
    https://www.baristaswag.com/blogs/news/free-pour-latte-art-coffee-art?comment=138142875750#comments
    https://tagzfoods.com/blogs/news/tagz-why?comment=134153634032#comments
    http://www.ks-welldental.com/well/bbs/board.php?bo_table=daily&wr_id=5&&page=1&#c_149
    https://www.homerev.com/blogs/home-revolution/how-often-should-i-wash-my-reusable-coffee-mug?comment=135482540285#comments
    https://vietnamtrade-forum.com/threads/gthyhyj.19014/
    https://forum.sweepsflow.com/category/39/promotions/forum/community/discussions/71309-grgtght
    https://pelisplushd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-transformers-one-2024-pelicula-online-en-espanol
    https://pelisplushd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-beetlejuice-2-2024-pel-cula-online-en-espa-ol-y-subtitulad
    https://cuevanahd.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-deadpool-3-wolverine-2024-online-en-espa-ol
    https://cuevanahd.outgrow.us/cuevana-3-ver-transformers-one-2024-pelicula-online-en-espa-ol
    https://githubespana.outgrow.us/pelisplus-ver-joker-folie-deux-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol
    https://veraqui.outgrow.us/ver-transformers-one-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
    https://veraqui.outgrow.us/ver-beetlejuice-2-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
    https://meganfox.outgrow.us/ver-subservience-2024-pel-cula-completa-online-en-espa-ol-repelis-hd
    https://pastelink.net/9cz3avak
    https://www.pastery.net/yrzhvz/
    https://snippet.host/cyyeyu
    https://pastebin.com/
    https://tech.io/snippet/jR1KvOV
    https://glot.io/snippets/h0at1fynaw
    https://paste.toolforge.org/view/494051ca
    https://telegra.ph/scscvs-09-26
    https://paiza.io/projects/CfBrGJSwEXeCxgFR2tdirg
    https://rentry.co/hx66fwxg
    https://etextpad.com/gmrvocreyp
    https://www.taptap.io/post/8231157
    https://yamcode.com/untitled-104119
    https://paste.feed-the-beast.com/view/bcc3fbd1
    https://paste.myst.rs/itist9kx
    https://paste.thezomg.com/
    https://www.onlinegdb.com/
    https://network.propertyweek.com/
    https://community.thoracic.org/
    https://sloan.ucr.edu/
    https://justpaste.it/gaukt
    https://ctxt.io/2/AAC49klOFg
    https://asmao.hashnode.dev/r32r32rf3r
    https://ourclass.mn.co/posts/dwed
    http://clan-banderos.de/web/index.php?site=profile&id=1&action=guestbook
    https://jsfiddle.net/fuhpsL0k/
    http://www.codyjhughes.com/guestbook/
    https://rextester.com/YZFXI92875
    https://herbalmeds-forum.biolife.com.my/d/155001-htht
    https://forum.instube.com/d/145319-htht
    https://matters.town/a/68mxg8pqcb8c
    https://bitbin.it/6G6qGBq6/
    https://www.wowace.com/paste/e72ea6d0
    https://bitbucket.org/santuy213/workspace/snippets/MzB7g4
    https://nodebb.klangknecht.com/category/1/announcements
    https://www.forexagone.com/forum/create
    https://www.selbstbesaiter.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
    https://cofradesdegranada.ideal.es/
    https://jpn.itlibra.com/article?id=23247
    https://www.lifesshortlivefree.com/community/off-topic/4gerger/
    https://www.dotandlil.com/blogs/blog/77012548-now-in-stock-vintage-honey-tins-maintenant-disponibles-pots-de-miel-vintage?comment=134332186903#comments
    https://ca.gleener.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-workspace-working-for-you?comment=132613799994#comments
    https://bryantsmeat.com/blogs/recipes/sausage-gumbo?comment=127843270841#comments
    https://www.radiowarta.pl/artykul/16063,jak-nie-dac-sie-infekcji
    https://ultrafighteronline.com/topic/8268/frfrfrg
    https://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Lists/ConfReg/AllItems.aspx?
    https://www.lacartuccia.ch/g%C3%A4stebuch/
    https://web3devcommunity.com/topic/15010/scs
    https://forum.thecodingcolosseum.com/topic/11071/sccs
    https://www.bankier.pl/forum/wiadomosc-zapisana?post_id=68346977&obs=&emal=&st=1&thread_id=
    https://issuu.com/amirah123/stacks
    http://paste.jp/712589ad/
    https://bitbin.it/6G6qGBq6/raw/
    https://hackmd.io/1snlF_CtSmuqr9OxpdLJXg
    https://www.lomarfarms.com/blogs/news/people?comment=136548745521#comments
    https://wokwi.com/projects/410105200488938497

  • esghdrhjdtj

    https://gamma.app/public/—26-2023-FULLHD-1080P-a5tpzvf765j5w97
    https://gamma.app/public/Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26—2023-HD1080p-THAI-joo025dgvzgkgbl
    https://gamma.app/public/-Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26-2023—rzg7hgxilje5dfh
    https://gamma.app/public/—Detective-Conan-Black-Iron-Submarine-26—2023-HD-1080p-f72gsvhzpelplcd
    https://gamma.app/public/-HD-26-2023-SUB—0×81d59pu03px2b
    https://groups.google.com/g/th-26—fullhd/c/Pxr6ljmEKaQ
    https://groups.google.com/g/—detective-conan-black-iron-submarine-2023/c/eWXiT2y5kis
    https://groups.google.com/g/—detective-conan-black-iron-submarine-th/c/gABWZgHKchQ
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1tkVvGgkwxgmvkUgdEYipjjR-SF6daSmx
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/b24e1b97-5f00-4fbb-81b1-40b675a701c4
    https://eventsframe.com/e/uc75zh5K0/26-2023-thai-sub/
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/6592865246380032/
    https://groups.google.com/g/-assistir-hd—trolls-3-juntos-novamente-2023-filme-completo/c/xsny7oUIQXU
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-Trolls-3-Juntos-Novamente-2023-Filme-Completo-Online-Dub-5d5bjeppb37wfi7
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/d5254f2b-cc9b-4236-8dff-906f80564075
    https://app.eventsframe.com/app/event/5061629436755968/
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-2023-filme-completo-online/c/cFVaDfXoyl4
    https://colab.research.google.com/drive/14t2AyafiAtHTNH56O_NPqA6pdiQn4ttU
    https://gamma.app/public/-ASSISTIR-HD-Trolls-3-Juntos-Novamente-2023-filme-completo-Dublad-2g8l4azips449xa
    https://eventsframe.com/e/tbMLI1AgU/assistir-trolls-3-juntos-novamente-a-online-2023-filme-completo-dublado-em-portugues/
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/reporting/249caea6-3e40-4f0a-b779-4f621e97544c
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/hELav81Rv48v
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/2UilvTkyjrs
    https://groups.google.com/g/trolls-3-juntos-novamente-pt-2023filme-completo-dublado/c/SsAKD1Fz_78

  • gdfgfd

    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Sound-of-Freedom-StreamingVF-entier-Francais-VOSTFR-COMPLET-lo364pam7qozh8r
    https://gamma.app/public/REGARDER-Sound-of-Freedom-2023-FILM-COMPLET-EN-LIGNE-ET-SOUS-STRE-3dcbbc87tf590c8
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-i85n9loo5y600ap
    https://gamma.app/public/Sound-of-Freedom-Regardez-en-ligne-version-complete-FULL-HD-2023-v393icpy9f339db
    https://gamma.app/public/Sound-of-Freedom—Regarder-en-ligne-2023-version-complete-heiz4jj8496pwwi
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-yhpp4lk947v2b1g
    https://gamma.app/public/—HD-THAI-SUB-6jhv88fwxymvxh6
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-THAI-vijol5absa8b6g5
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-bzx9s6c8ks4p4tq
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-g0zgjlj767bw0rd
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-4fps9q2qfshfepp
    https://gamma.app/public/TW-2022—-4K-1080p-1jn277emim1a057
    https://gamma.app/public/-20221080P-xjvk7ijd00dgdpc
    https://gamma.app/public/——HD-4K-2023-cejsbr33s7tyjug
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-3css3nqumxkrigq
    https://gamma.app/public/-Tee-Yod—-202-THAI-mi715mur534hfhs
    https://gamma.app/public/-2022-HD4K-k5y5k3t6ny6jvvk
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-c620pk94ua18wcu
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-t82fw18mibols4h
    https://gamma.app/public/-Tee-Yod—2023-1080i-rtyna970kneqi8q
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-en-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-VOSTFR-CO-gsoo70l7oaf5cvy
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Five-Nights-At-Freddys-FILMS-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-fran-duj201pm4a3bjk5
    https://gamma.app/public/VOSTFR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-Film-Complet-Streaming-VF-En-Franca-3ngpswlu8gv5jfq
    https://gamma.app/public/FILM-COMPLET-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-2023-Streaming-VF-Gratuit-en—opxgeu3lrb8zf1q
    https://gamma.app/public/-VOIR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-FILMS-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-fra-mnnal5dtat3bv32
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-en-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-VOSTFR-CO-mpr45fpskos3n75

  • SFDSFD

    https://gamma.app/public/FILMs-VOIR-Second-tour-en-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-Francais-202-0ganv04wg67kre0
    https://gamma.app/public/FILM-Second-tour-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-Gratuit-2023-HD-e0ldgvttoeddhow
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-NAPOLEON-en-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-HD-iaop8rhto4ioyn9
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-NAPOLEON-2023-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-xxsqcbld110x89j
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-NAPOLEON-2023-Film-Complet-Gratuit-en-Francais-xqceby4iv2vhu1u
    https://gamma.app/public/FILM-COMPLETEMENT-CRAME-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-Gratuit-2023-HD-xakf3lklscsqybx
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMs-VOIR-COMPLETEMENT-CRAME-en-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-Franc-b39pe87560ck6iq
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-COMPLETEMENT-CRAME-en-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-H-jbtkbaulbrcr1ok
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-COMPLETEMENT-CRAME-2023-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-hi0pt7vljyiua9c
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-lt3fwnfpdrywbz4
    https://gamma.app/public/FILM-LE-THEOREME-DE-MARGUERITE-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-Gratuit-2-ppgl3pv58tuufiz
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-fe3j8zs5i8ss8yn
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-LE-THEOREME-DE-MARGUERITE-en-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Co-p30in5cf00wjj6q
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-LE-THEOREME-DE-MARGUERITE-2023-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF—esekc4bf4jl9fww
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-LE-THEOREME-DE-MARGUERITE-2023-Film-Complet-Gratuit-en-Franc-pd3ff1prow7kiyl
    https://gamma.app/public/FILM-BATIMENT-5-Streaming-VF-en-Francais-Gratuit-2023-HD-4z44dtnkeoegyfb
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMs-VOIR-BATIMENT-5-en-Streaming-VF-FR-Complet-en-Francais-oawnctdl6am3yl1
    https://gamma.app/public/FILMS-VOIR-BATIMENT-5-en-Francais-Gratuit-et-VF-Complet-HD-mj6c4peo7e1utbd
    https://gamma.app/public/VOIR-BATIMENT-5-2023-Film-Complet-Gratuit-en-Francais-rpp0b9bpc0xqybh
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-gu0gbjcs1pa36dm
    https://ideone.com/lAJqYb
    https://yamcode.com/sadasda-64
    https://notes.io/qQTKb
    https://controlc.com/af8ec30c
    https://paste2.org/6Bkgx0CX
    https://paiza.io/projects/n_H13TebdyDkPY1BSsTcmA?language=php
    https://pastebin.com/s5ELd777
    https://jsfiddle.net/60ctmhpg/
    https://rextester.com/IZG92139

  • sdfsd

    https://gamma.app/public/-The-Volunteers-To-the-War-HD-1080p-5bf7kxp1q8ealmx
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-7204K-gub0tumkp2nv73c
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-1080P-2q27jiijns6ylkv
    https://gamma.app/public/—20234K-relw61sdffuelmf
    https://gamma.app/public/1080——2023-pxte7nzwzpqwo8r
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Equalizer-3-Assistir-online—-2023—-versao-completa-cx3naop2ts17e3p
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Equalizer-3-Movie-HD-1080P-visualizacao-online—-versao-compl-n29qntgkfj19198
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Equalizer-3-Assistir-a-versao-completa-online-2023Assistir-on-t3ukrwe8pjr6ndm
    https://gamma.app/public/Linha-de-streaming-on-line-gratuita-de-alta-definicao-The-Equaliz-tqcbwro8blk4lke
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-s13orn8pjvga3mz
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Equalizer-3-2023-Assistir-online-Versao-completaTW-k6l5jrpylkpotv8
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Equalizer-3-assistir-online—-720HD-Filme-completo-uloorsz9ejrrx49
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-versao-completa-em-HD-de-The-Equalizer-3-online—-Cinema-szmp4dnopaoo1x1
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Equalizer-3-Assistir-online—-2023—-versao-completa-aauf3aokdju17fv
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-ghca3uzycz6cy8w
    https://gamma.app/public/Untitled-0t4xg7oflnvkpg7
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Creator-Movie-HD-1080P-visualizacao-online—-versao-completa-kvkle9ret7qaw9g
    https://gamma.app/public/The-Creator-Assistir-online—-2023—-versao-completa-n2sswjom1jgh04w
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-versao-completa-em-HD-de-The-Creator-online—-Cinema-gra-odfb5iii49iivzy
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-versao-completa-em-HD-de-The-Creator-online—-Cinema-gra-zsg6erchblxpn8j
    https://gamma.app/public/Linha-de-streaming-on-line-gratuita-de-alta-definicao-The-Creator-4gpej1lsc2d0ybs
    https://gamma.app/public/RESISTENCIA-Movie-HD-1080P-visualizacao-online—-versao-completa-iy4ibs14z6e3ai5
    https://gamma.app/public/RESISTENCIA-Assistir-a-versao-completa-online-2023Assistir-online-insq1zhwlo56d3e
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-versao-completa-em-HD-de-RESISTENCIA-The-Creator-online—22s4tvk7b1j5hsc
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-versao-completa-em-HD-de-RESISTENCIA-The-Creator-online—8gy2olnv41r7gf2
    https://gamma.app/public/Linha-de-streaming-on-line-gratuita-de-alta-definicao-RESISTENCIA-sy1d83d3gkgxphd
    https://gamma.app/public/Assistir-The-Killer-2023-Filme-Completo-Dublado-HD-x4l2eoe2nto2ojl
    https://gamma.app/public/CUEVANAVER-The-Killer-pelicula-completa-en-Espanol-2023-ol65it3jndflqfr
    https://gamma.app/public/PelisPlus-VER-The-Killer-PELICULA-COMPLETA-ONLINE-en-Espanol-y-La-7g4m7knjvn2op7w
    https://gamma.app/public/VERThe-Killer-2023-Pelicula-Completa-Online-en-Espanol-Latino-hstifoan0ixrenu
    https://gamma.app/public/PelisPlusVER-The-Killer-PELICULA-COMPLETA-ONLINE-en-Espanol-y-Lat-8cgxbe05i19kb6x
    https://gamma.app/public/CUEVANAVER-The-Killer-pelicula-completa-en-Espanol-2023-gu1t5bmticdb8na

  • gfghfhg

    https://gamma.app/public/CUEVANA-3-VER-Five-Nights-at-Freddys-2023-Online-Gratis-en-Espano-d0zuwukecip2vy9
    https://gamma.app/public/vER-rePELIS-The-Marvels-2023-Online—-DESCARGAR-PELICULAS-GRATIS—jzz0j2tcof6w1dk
    https://gamma.app/public/PelisPlUsVer—Juego-prohibido-Pelicula-Online-Completa-Gratis-HD7-8hvb8m13wqd0ubu
    https://gamma.app/public/VER-1080p-MEGA-Sound-of-Freedom-PELICULA-COMPLETA-Online-en-Espan-c53zwm3qczrimid
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-FULL-HD-w95bq3ttt7kogej
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-yqzokf4ik0b1s7s
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023—t1lzbid9ls33npi
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD—ftxvdiydescg5vi
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-1080p-0tz96dnwr9fpn2r
    https://gamma.app/public/—2023-HD—nn81ove2pbi8ir4
    https://gamma.app/public/—Confinement-HD-THai-sub-zo94ccmwzdb85mi
    https://gamma.app/public/—Tee-Yod-2023-HD-ok7p2jymbd0fmnz
    https://gamma.app/public/-FULL-HD-2023—-1080P-iznc2fzsit3mdyy
    https://gamma.app/public/-2023-HD-yqzokf4ik0b1s7s
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.168450856338656
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.168453113005097
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.304003855723323
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.304006042389771
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122117617442072601
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls523100076/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls523159185/
    https://www.imdb.com/list/ls523158779/

Leave a comment

BLOG