sustainability · 3273 comments ·

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral Reefs as a Marker of Environmental Change

Coral is highly sensitive to its external environment. Changes in ocean temperature, pollution and run-off,  and pH (ocean acidification) can cause them to 'bleach' (1). When bleached, they can survive if optimal conditions return. However, if the stress is sustained, they will eventually die. As such, coral reefs are deeply threatened by environmental change and therefore make a good marker for the health of ocean ecosystems.

 

What is coral bleaching?

Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic, photosynthetic, algae called zooxanthellae (2). Like plants, the zooxanthellae capture sunlight and convert it into energy, providing essential nutrients to the coral (3). In return, the coral provides a protected environment for the zooxanthellae to live. Aside from providing nutrients, the zooxanthellae are also responsible for the colouring of many stony corals.

Under conditions of stress caused by changes in ocean temperature, agricultural run-off, and ocean acidification, resulting from human activities releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, the coral polyps expel their zooxanthellae, causing them to take on a white appearance, what is known as "coral bleaching" (4). The coral will not die instantly when the zooxanthellae is expelled, but if the period of stress is sustained, the zooxanthellae will be unable to re-enter the coral tissue, the coral will not get the essential nutrients it needs to survive.

What is left is the corals calcium carbonate skeleton. Algae begins to grow over the coral skeletons, blocking any chance of regrowth. After time, the skeletons will erode, resulting in the collapse of the reef structure. This collapse is not just an eyesore, it has catastrophic impacts for the ocean ecosystem, fisheries and local communities that depend on the reef for an income.

 

Why is it Important That we Protect Coral Reefs?

Habitat - Coral skeletons are an important component of the reef architecture and provide a habitat for 25% of all marine species (5). They provide shelter, spawning grounds and protection from predators. In their absence, fish stocks will decline, this has a knock-on effect to local communities who are reliant on fish for their main source of protein.

Tourism and Recreation - For coastal communities that are reliant on tourism for their income, the health of coral reefs is paramount to their survival. Ecotourism provides thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in income. It has been estimated that coral reefs have a global economic value of $36 billion per year (6).

Coastline Protection  - Coral reefs absorb 97% of a waves energy (7), acting as a buffer against storm events, such as hurricanes and tsunamis, to 150,000 km of global tropical coastlines in over 100 countries (8).

Pharmaceuticals - Due to the stationary nature of coral, it has developed a plethora of chemical defences in order to gain protection from predators and to fight disease. Coral is therefore becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of new drugs to treat diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's and arthritis.

 

What Can we do to Help?

Although small changes at home will make a difference (e.g. buying organic food as to not contribute to the use of pesticides and herbicides), the real issue here is climate change which requires global cooperation and action to reduce emissions and slow global warming. The death of coral reefs is not just a great loss to the ocean but it will greatly impact millions of people, in over 100 countries, who rely on the reefs for their income and as a food source.

 

References:

  1. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
  2. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=Coral%20polyps%2C%20which%20are%20animals,water%20to%20carry%20out%20photosynthesis
  3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003380050249
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1312064
  5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160404152918.htm
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17300635
  7. https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/coral-reefs.html
  8. https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Atlas_of_Ocean_Wealth.pdf

3273 comments

  • Parfum

    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730148
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730042
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730151
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730149
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730112
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730150
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730142
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730147
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730141
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730085
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730210
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730219
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730214
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730212
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730221
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730208
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730213
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730218
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730227
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730216
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730217
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730215
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730220
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730211
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730225
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730226
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730209
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730224
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730223
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730222
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730335
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730336
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730330
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730331
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730337
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730332
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730329
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730334
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730333
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730328
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730310
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730304
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730295
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730305
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730311
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730293
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730309
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730292
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730301
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730308
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730306
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730303
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730307
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730294
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730298
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730297
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730296
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730299
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730300
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730302
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730386
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730381
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730387
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730384
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730388
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730389
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730390
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730391
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730385
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730383
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730455
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730451
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730456
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730453
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730457
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730458
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730454
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730459
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730460
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730452
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730449
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730443
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730434
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730444
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730450
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730432
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730448
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730431
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730440
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730447
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730446
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730433
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730445
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730442
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730437
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730436
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730435
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730438
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730439
    https://www.notebook.ai/documents/1730441
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730130
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730126
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730122
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730124
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730125
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730105
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730119
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730123
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730118
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730121
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730120
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730167
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730173
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730171
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730170
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730168
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730166
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730172
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730176
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730175
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730174
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730169
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730181
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730185
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730184
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730180
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730182
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730183
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730179
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730188
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730186
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730187
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730197
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730196
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730199
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730200
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730191
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730193
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730198
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730192
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730195
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730194
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730241
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730245
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730229
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730235
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730233
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730232
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730230
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730228
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730244
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730240
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730242
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730243
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730234
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730239
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730247
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730246
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730248
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730237
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730236
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730231
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730318
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730323
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730275
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730262
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730253
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730255
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730281
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730279
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730258
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730278
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730260
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730276
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730261
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730274
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730322
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730317
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730319
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730320
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730259
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730254
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730325
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730324
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730326
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730283
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730282
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730277
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730257
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730256
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730280
    https://notebook.ai/documents/1730316
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/m92LPBCdSVZW
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/H83KbXS5YKtP
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/tdHUPxlpJfIL
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/KPnacvoAaZpj
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/Eu43gpTpbmyB
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/1TjzhypAffOz
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/eBe2mBkz5NHU
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/olX1fSljcSVU
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/qAXzQfYO5CgA
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/Ah9vd75PA79m
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/SuY7vXsSezVC
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/Uiy1or69npwh
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/n7gesR9E7Nrp
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/bJPqsFlQK5di
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/eScVUKm2UtTY
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/qzRek64hPSiZ
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/c47KbP6Wez33
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/4Ag3puCVE7Ys
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/lU6ICTlehf4T
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/AjsTVy8my1A3
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/klAD7Q1KJaJ5
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/YGrEGF70GvtJ
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/lamsuX0GgMVe
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/Cf4n7Gwqc84M
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/PxwL7O5vXFSc
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/QRGlfQarSyCC
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/yfbiALq5LPDb
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/X2fjBxUvH5bi
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/aYk2T8ROPtz3
    https://www.bitchute.com/video/4z6jyDQ3kh1o
    https://push.fm/fl/g3jexnln
    https://push.fm/fl/y0rogauv
    https://push.fm/fl/pwpzlqwd
    https://push.fm/fl/yobz1y9x
    https://push.fm/fl/gurvm5ij
    https://push.fm/fl/6z2kzwcq
    https://push.fm/fl/bofcjtmr
    https://push.fm/fl/rwqh2cde
    https://push.fm/fl/ty0ooc8b
    https://push.fm/fl/zylntyik
    https://push.fm/fl/xc0cb8ap
    https://github.com/ustunes/PELAKOR/discussions/1
    https://github.com/ustunes/PELAKOR/discussions/2
    https://github.com/ustunes/PELAKOR/discussions/3

  • Parfum

    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128124792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128208792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128832792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128472792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128562792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128832792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128562792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128472792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128208792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128124792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128124792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128208792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128832792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128472792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128562792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128832792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128562792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128472792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128208792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128124792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/events/491437244038408/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/969091401980961/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3962604964012825/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/575836365468882/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1548577222472005/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/514546958018401/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1174854274524472/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/3812140412265328/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1964564740733191/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/635627142510091/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/491437244038408/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/969091401980961/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/3962604964012825/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/575836365468882/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/1548577222472005/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/514546958018401/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/1174854274524472/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/3812140412265328/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/1964564740733191/
    https://m.facebook.com/events/635627142510091/
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712430792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712568792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712688792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712802792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712916792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712916792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712802792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712688792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712568792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712430792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712430792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712568792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712688792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712802792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122100712916792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712916792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712802792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712688792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712568792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122100712430792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=SledujteValecnyZpravodajCelyFilmCzSk&set=a.122135505116576815
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=SledujteValecnyZpravodajCelyFilmCzSk&set=a.122135505206576815
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=SledujteValecnyZpravodajCelyFilmCzSk&set=a.122135505284576815
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=SledujteValecnyZpravodajCelyFilmCzSk&set=a.122135505398576815
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=SledujteValecnyZpravodajCelyFilmCzSk&set=a.122135505500576815
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135505500576815&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135505398576815&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135505284576815&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135505206576815&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122135505116576815&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/events/638411138885724/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/977008200749509/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/685505777331107/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1009500557700562/
    https://www.facebook.com/events/1330574218186566/

  • Parfum

    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/oJ1eEXw-MIM
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ledxjOVydIE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/jPWFUMStrhc
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vJb21cn1WgA
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/o30ZyUvlLPU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/gN2ThtVeQmQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lENFktgAUNE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/tO3rge6RoUo
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ij6iQSteoLU
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/m520VvopIys
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lov7hSknZk4
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vXKmClcg1zI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/ogoF5XPj08c
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/uJEZubt4paI
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/j0hctCbl_N4
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/qxQDWapKmaE
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/vf4P5P0De1k
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/hcU-xn5tzYc

  • Parfum

    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/1
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/2
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/3
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/4
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/5
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/6
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/7
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/8
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/9
    https://github.com/GtbCFSDcz/Cinemartcz/discussions/10
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/1
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/2
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/3
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/4
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/5
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/6
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/7
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/8
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/9
    https://github.com/lepsitv/Cinemartcz/discussions/10

  • Parfum

    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/1
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/2
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/3
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/4
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/5
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/6
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/7
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/8
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/9
    https://github.com/SBLKSYT/dolle/discussions/10
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/1
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/2
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/3
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/4
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/5
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/6
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/7
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/8
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/9
    https://github.com/MKSMKSYT/dolle/discussions/10
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/mUtRgMZpuAg
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/lS3L2BPM-Ww
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/uJdcvxPOwwQ
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/pxq1J8Grr6I
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/jYDYGmzIVio
    https://lookerstudio.google.com/s/rvTqgQUhCls
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128124792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128208792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128832792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128472792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128562792215
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128832792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128562792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128472792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128208792215&type=3
    https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128124792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128124792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128208792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128832792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128472792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?vanity=61573766456573&set=a.122105128562792215
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128832792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128562792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128472792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128208792215&type=3
    https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.122105128124792215&type=3
    https://siteid-2335117.univer.se/
    https://siteid-2335117.univer.se/cernak-cely-film-cz-1
    https://siteid-2335117.univer.se/cernak-cely-film-cz-2
    https://siteid-2335117.univer.se/cernak-cely-film-cz-3
    https://siteid-2335117.univer.se/cernak-cely-film-cz-4
    https://siteid-2335117.univer.se/cernak-cely-film-cz-5

Leave a comment

BLOG